Biomass - Introduction
Biomass is a fuel which is derived from organic materials and is a sustainable and renewable source of energy used to generate electricity or different forms of power. Biomass is mostly found in the form of living or recently living plants and biological wastes from industrial and home use while there are other forms too. Some examples that makes biomass fuels are: woods, garbage, crops, Manure, Landfill gas, alcohol gas etc. Conversion of biomass into bio fuel can be achieved through various different methods which are broadly classified into: thermal, chemical, and biochemical methods. Till now wood is the largest biomass energy source to date; some examples are like forest residues (such as dead trees, branches and tree stumps), yard clippings, wood chips and even municipal solid waste. Biomass can be converted to different effective forms of energy like methane gas or transportation fuels like ethanol and biodiesel. Fuel derived from Biomass also produces air pollution in the form of Carbon monoxide, Carbon dioxide, Nitrogen oxides, Volatile organic compounds, particulates and other pollutants at levels above compared to those conventional fuel sources such as coal or natural gas in some cases (such as with indoor heating and cooking).

• Waste Biomass to energy
• Agricultural biomass and energy production
• Industrial waste biomass
• Biomass and electricity
• Conversion technologies like pyrolysis, gasification, biological conversion
• Jet fuel for Heavy Machines from Biomass

Biomass Applications
Biomass is first treated and then transformed into synthesis gas via gasification process. The resulting syngas is then cleaned preliminary to conversion to liquid biofuels, typically via Fischer Tropsch or the Mobil process. There are two main biomass-based liquid propellant in the market place today, ethanol and biodiesel. Some 20 Mm 3 y -1 of ethanol is produced with an energy content of 435 PJ, manufacturing this the second most important biofuel. A much smaller amount of biodiesel is used in the USA and Europe. A tonne of cane Generally produces between 125 and 140 kg of raw sugar, or between 70 and 80 liters of ethanol, although a tonne of maize, with about 70% to 75% starch content, will produce between 440 and 460 L t -1 with wet and dry corn crushing, respectively.

• Jet fuel from Biomass
• Trending Research from Biomass
• Liquid Biofuels from Biomass
• Cellulosic Ethanol from Biomass

Biomass Processing Technologies
The wide range of biomass sources available in nature includes feed-stock characterized by different chemical compositions, physical status, toxicity and energy content. These technology can then be accompanied by using an array of secondary treatments (refining, stabilization, de-watering, upgrading, ) relying on particular very final products. The feed-stock quality represents a relevant aspect influencing the decision on the most suitable valorization technology to be adopted. Particularly, regardless of the energy recovery efficiency have to constitute the key driver for the choice, monetary competitiveness and market opportunity play the main function towards the industrial improvement of recent technologies and techniques.

• Gasification (for carbon monoxide and hydrogen-rich syngas)
• Pyrolysis (for biochar, gas and oils)
• Direct combustion (for power generation)
• Anaerobic Digestion (for methane-rich gas)
• Fermentation (to extract sugars for alcohols)
• Oil exaction (for biodiesel)

Pyrolysis
Pyrolysis is a thermochemical remedy, which may be carried out to any organic (carbon-based totally) product. it is able to be completed on natural products as well as its mixtures. in this treatment generally, the material is exposed to high temperature, and within the absence of oxygen goes through chemical and physical separation into exclusive molecules. The decomposition takes place thanks to the restrained thermal balance of chemical bonds of substances, which lets them to be disintegrated by using heat as a medium. The products of biomass pyrolysis encompass biochar, bio-oil and gases such as methane, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide. Depending on the thermal surroundings and the final temperature, pyrolysis will yield particularly biochar at low temperatures, much less than 450 0C, when the heating rate is quite gradual, and particularly gases at excessive temperatures, greater than 800 0C, a rapid heating rate. At an intermediate temperature and relatively under high heating rates, the principle product is bio-oil.

• Wood Fuels and Charcoal
• Residual Forest Biomass
• Forestry Materials

Pellets & Densified Biomass
With pellets and densified, biomass are produced and sold in quantities ranging from a 40 pound bag to entire shiploads, this industry is serving a broad market with very diverse needs. The track will offer participants an opportunity to concentrate exclusively on this hot segment of the biomass to energy industry.

• Pellet Mill Design
• Biomass Harvest and Transport
• Feedstock Procurement Strategies
• Mill Operation and Management

Bioenergy
Bioenergy is renewable energy made accessible and available from material obtained from organic sources. Biomass is any organic material which stores sunlight in the form of chemical energy. As a fuel it might incorporate wood, wood squander, straw, fertilizer, sugarcane and much variety of by-products from farming processes. In its most thin sense, it is a particular to biofuel, where fuel is obtained from biological sources. In its wider sense, it incorporates biomass, the organic material utilized as a biofuel and in addition to social, financial, logical and specialized fields related to utilizing natural hotspots for vitality. This is a typical misbelief, as bioenergy is the energy separated from the biomass, as the biomass is the fuel and the bioenergy is the vitality contained in the fuel.

• Food, fuel and freeways
• Non-food crops for biofuels production
• Agricultural modernization and its impact on society

Bioenergy Conversion Methods
The process to convert solid biomass raw material to gas fuel or chemical feedstock gas (syngas) is known as Gasification. Chemical conversion of gas would be lavish and there are some microorganisms that can convert the CO, H(2), and CO(2) gas to fuels. The discovery of organisms which are capable of higher product yield, as metabolic engineering of microbial catalyst, will make this technology a feasible option for reducing our dependency on primary fuels. Different conversion methods are Gas Production, Pyrolysis , Anaerobic digestion, Bio refineries, Bioethanol production and sugar release from biomass. Production of energy crops could potentially compete for land with food cropping as a demand for biomass increases.

• Biochemical Conversion of Biomass
• Electrochemical Conversion of Biomass
• Thermal Conversion of Biomass
• Biological Conversion
• Chemical Conversion
• Gasification and Pyrolysis
• Combustion and Co-firing

Bioenergy Applications
Bioenergy is conversion of biomass resources including agricultural and forest area residues, organic municipal waste and from vegetation to useful energy carriers inclusive of heat, power, electricity generation and transport fuels. Biomass uses is increasing day by day for modern applications such as Dendro-power, Co-generation and Combined Heat and Power generation (CHP). Relying on the useful resource availability and technical, economic and environmental impact, these can be the alternatives to fossil fuels applications. Bioenergy is a renewable energy resource mainly appropriate for electricity generation, heating & cooling in delivery, will be at the core of this sectorial shift in renewable power manufacturing and use and is becoming the dominant form of RES.

• Energy in Biomass
• Photo Bioreactors
• Microbial Electrochemical Cells
• Bioenergy for Agricultural Production

Bioenergy Transition
Plant material and animal waste as biomass is used to create transportation fuels and to generate electricity. Biomass energy is obtained from plant-based material and solar energy has been converted into organic matter. Biomass can be used in a variety of energy-conversion process to produce power, heat, steam, and fuel. Biomass is used by food processing industries, animal feed industry, and wood products industry, which includes construction and fibre products (paper and derivatives), along with chemical products made from those industries which have diverse applications together with detergents, biofertilizers, and erosion control products. The biggest opportunity for the global bioenergy technology is the increasing demand for electricity across the world.

• From Waste Products into Renewable Resources
• From Traditional Biomass to Modern Bioenergy
• From Chemical to Biological Processes
• From Local Fuel to Global Commodity

Biofuels
Biomass is one kind of renewable useful resource that can be transformed into liquid fuels referred to as biofuels for transportation. Biofuels include cellulosic ethanol, biodiesel, and renewable hydrocarbon "drop-in" fuels. The two most commonly used biofuels today are ethanol and biodiesel. Biofuels can be used in airplanes and most vehicles that are on the road. First generation biofuels are processed from the sugars and vegetable oils found in arable crops, which can be smoothly extracted applying traditional technology. In comparison, advanced biofuels are made from lignocellulosic biomass or woody crops, agricultural residues or waste, which makes it tougher to extract the vital fuel. Advanced biofuel technologies have been invented because first generation biofuels manufacture has major boundaries and limitations. First generation biofuel processes are suitable but restrained in most cases: there is a limit above which they cannot produce enough biofuel without forbidding food supplies and biodiversity. Many first generation biofuels rely on aids and are not cost competitive with usual fossil fuels such as oil, and some of them produce only limited greenhouse gas emissions savings. When considering emissions from transport and production, life-cycle assessment from first generation biofuels usually approach those of traditional fossil fuels. Advanced biofuels can aid resolving these complications and can impart a greater proportion of global fuel supply affordably, sustainably and with larger environmental interests.

• Algae Biofuels
• Aviation Biofuels
• Biofuels production and its utilisation
• Cyanobacterial biofuels production
• Advances in biofuel production
• Second generation biofuels

Production of Biofuels
Biofuel is petroleum that is produced through contemporary biological processes, such as agriculture and anaerobic digestion, rather than a fuel produced by geological processes such as those involved in the formation of fossil gases, such as coal and petroleum, from prehistoric biological matter.

• Production of Biofuels from Biomass
• Production of Biodiesel from Biomass
• Production of Biochemicals from Biomass
• Production of Biogas from Biomass
• Energy balance of Biofuel production

Bioethanol
Bioethanol is a clear, colourless liquid with a characteristic smell. Generally people will recognize the smell, as it is a kind of spirit or so-called pure alcohol (which, however, one cannot drink). Bioethanol was previously produced by fermentation and distillation and was primarily based on grain or corn (1st-generation bioethanol). This production was criticized heavily as it was using up food products. In contrast, 2nd-generation bioethanol is normally produced from corn or straw stalks. There is also on-going research and development into the use of municipal solid wastes to produce ethanol fuel. Brazil and the United States account for over 70 per cent of all ethanol production in the world today with the USA producing an estimated 6,500 Million gallons a year. Bioethanol produces only carbon dioxide and water as the waster products on burning, and the carbon dioxide released during fermentation and combustion equals the amount removed from the atmosphere while the crop is growing This fuel is not suitable for use in all cars and you should check compatibility with your vehicle manufacturer before using it. Researchers have recently launched a proposal to cultivate massive amounts of seaweed or algae. They claims that the project could occupy about ten thousand kilometres of seaweed farm and they estimated that the farm would be able to produce bioethanol from algae, as much as 20 million kilolitres or 5.3 billion gallons of bioethanol per year.

• Ethanol
• Bioethanol Production
• Cellulosic Ethanol
• Bioalcohols as Automobile Fuel
• Bioalcohols from Algae
• Bioalcohols from Plant Matter
• Bioethanol Production from Waste Vegetables
• Generations of Bioalcohols & Scope of Advancement

Biodiesel
Biodiesel is a different fuel similar to conventional or 'fossil' diesel. Biodiesel can be produced from straight vegetable oil, animal oil or fats, tallow, and waste cooking oil. The process used to convert these oils to Biodiesel is called transesterification. Biodiesel has reduced exhaust emissions related to petroleum diesel fuel.

• Crops for biodiesel production
• Biodiesel production from municipal waste
• Biodiesel as automobile fuel
• Biodiesel production on industry level and scale up
• Enzymatic biodiesel production
• Cost effective techniques for biodiesel production
• Biodiesel feedstocks
• Efficiency and economic arguments
• Biodiesel to hydrogen-cell power

Biogas
The Biogas is a type of Biofuel that is naturally produced from the decomposition of Organic Waste. When Organic Matter, such as food scraps and Animal Waste, break down in an anaerobic environment (an environment absent of oxygen) they release a Blend of Gases, primarily methane and Carbon Dioxide.

Renewable Energy
Renewable Energy is generally defined as any energy resources that can be naturally renew or regenerated over a short period of time and which is directly derived from the sun (solar energy),indirectly from sun such as wind energy, hydropower energy, bioenergy ,or from other mechanisms of natural resources (geothermal energy or tidal energy). Renewable energy only includes energy derived from organic and natural resources it doesn’t include inorganic resources. REN21 is an energy policy network that brings government and non-governmental organisation together and other organisations to learn from one another and build successes in advance renewable energy. Renewable energy which is replaced by a natural process as the rate of process is faster than the rate which is consumed. Renewable energy is energy that is obtained from natural processes and are continuously replenished. This includes sunlight, geothermal heat, wind energy, tides, water, and various forms of biomass. This energy cannot be totally used and is constantly renewed. Biomass is a renewable organic matter, and it includes biological material derived from living, or recently living organisms, such as wood, waste, and alcohol fuels.

• Solar Energy
• Wind Energy
• Nuclear Energy
• Tidal Energy
• Waste Energy
• Wood Energy
• Hydropower
• REN21 Policy Network for the 21st Century

Energy and Environment
Energy and environment are co-related in the technological and scientific aspects including energy conservation, and the interaction of energy forms and systems with the physical environment. The levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide has elevated by 31% among 1800 and 2000, going from 280 parts per million to 367 parts per million. Scientists see coming carbon dioxide levels to be as high as 970 parts per million by the year 2100. Different factors are responsible for this development, which include progress with respect to technical parameters of energy converters, in particular, improved efficiency; emissions characteristics and expanded lifetime. Various environmental policies have been implemented across the globe for reduction of GHG emissions for improvement of environment.

• Climate Change
• Global Warming
• Energy and Sustainability
• Waste Management
• Biodiversity

Bio Economy
Bio economy is understanding mechanisms and methodologies at the genetic and molecular levels and applying this to creating or improving industrial processes. The Bio economy comprises those parts of the economy that use renewable biological resources from land and sea – such as crops, forests, fish, animals and micro-organisms – to produce food, materials and energy. It is an essential and effective alternative to the dangers and limitations of our current fossil-based economy and can be considered as the next wave in our economic improvements and development. Bio economy, bio-based economy, biotechnology refers to all economic activity derived from scientific and research activity focused on biotechnology.

• Bio economy tools
• Biofuel market
• Blue economy business
• Industrial Bio economy
• Advanced Bio economy

Sustainability and Climate change
Climate change is the most important challenge to achieve sustainable development, and it threatens to drag a huge number of individuals into grinding poverty. Climate change is a very long-term issue. It is going on today, and it involves uncertainties for policy makers attempting to shape the future. Sustainability is no longer just a fashionable word but it is an organised way to achieve a holistic and triple bottom line growth. Apart from risk of identification and mitigation, as well as a huge development in the performance of methods and systems for optimization of resources, the other proven tangible and intangible benefits of sustainability includes its positive impact on employees morale. An organization being recognized as an employer of choice, supply chains being motivated to adopt leading practices and consumers being educated on the importance of responsible behaviour. After years of it being perceived as cost-centric, we're now sooner or later realizing the true value-addition made implementation of sustainability-related measures.

• Sustainable urbanization
• Sustainability in adaption
• UN framework on Climate change
• Challenge of De-carbonization
• Minimum ecological disruption
• Sustainable management of natural resources

Green Energy & Solar Energy
Solar panelS convert the sun's lightweight into usable alternative energy victimization with N-type and semiconductor device material. Once daylight is absorbed by these materials, the alternative energy knocks electrons to loose from their atoms, permitting the electrons to flow through the fabric and thus it provides electricity. This method of changing lightweight (photons) to electricity (voltage) is named the electrical phenomenon (PV) result , presently star panels convert most of the actinic radiation spectrum and regarding half the ultraviolet and actinic ray spectrum to usable alternative energy. Solar energy technologies use the sun's energy and light-weight to produce heat, light, hot water, electricity, and even cooling, for homes, businesses, and business.

• Green Energy in Transport
• Green Buildings and Infrastructures
• Green Policies and Programs
• Greenhouse gas abatement costs and potentials

Green Revolution
This new ‘agriculture strategy’ was put into practice for the first time in India in the Kharif season of 1966-67 with an objective to attain self-sufficiency in food by 1970-71 and was termed HIGH-YIELDING VARIETIEIS PROGRAMME (HYVP). The core philosophy of the programme was to increase the productivity of food grains by adopting latest varieties of inputs of crops. This programme was introduced in the form of a package programme since it depended crucially on regular and adequate irrigation, fertilizers, high yielding varieties of seeds, pesticides and insecticides.

Future Challenges
While nothing is for certain, some things which will lie ahead square measure currently terrible. If taking a short-run horizon of maybe five years or less, then such future challenges will for the foremost half be unheeded by the bulk of people and organizations. The future of bioenergy is uncertain. The numerous constraints it faces suggests it could see little or no growth. But the huge challenge of solving climate change makes some think it could be the savior of the planet in the long run. However, associate degree credible long designing got to embrace an awareness on peak oil , peak water , food shortages , resource depletion , viral pandemics , antibiotic resistance , population ageing.

• Urbanization
• Water Scarcity
• Land Limits
• Global Warming Level