Cardiovascular Diseases and Disorders

Cardiovascular diseases: Cardiovascular diseases involve the heart and blood vessels. Now it is the common cause of death. Age, sex, tobacco use, physical inactivity, excessive alcohol consumption, unhealthy diet, obesity are factors of heart diseases. Heart attacks and strokes are mainly caused by blood vessel blockage that stops blood from flowing to the heart or brain. Symptoms include: chest pain, discomfort on arms, left shoulder, elbows, jaw or back, difficulties in breathing, feeling sick or vomiting. People facing these symptoms should look for medical care immediately.

Some of the cardiovascular diseases:

• Cardiomyopathy
• Hypertensive heart disease
• Heart failure
• Pulmonary heart disease
• Cardiac dysrhythmias
• Endocarditis-inflammation
• Myocarditis
• Valvular heart disease
• Rheumatic heart disease
• Coronary artery disease
• Peripheral arterial disease
• Aortic aneurysm

Echocardiography, Cardiac CT and MRI

Echocardiography: An echocardiography is a test that uses high frequency sound waves to produce live images of heart to see structure of heart and to evaluate heart functions. The image is called an echocardiogram. It has no side effects. Echocardiography helps doctor to find out:

• The size and shape of heart, thickness and movement of heart’s wall.
• How heart moves
• The heart’s pumping strength.
• If the heart values are working correctly.
• If blood is leaking backwards through heart values.
• If the heart values are too narrow
• If there is a tumor or infectious growth around heart values

Cardiac CT: Cardiac CT is also known as computed tomography of heart and is performed to know about cardiac anatomy to diagnose coronary artery disease, to check patency of coronary artery bypass grafts or to assess volume try and cardiac function.

MRI: MRI uses radio waves and a strong magnetic field to create images of organs and tissues with the body. MRI scan varies from CT scans and X-rays as it does not involve use of potentially harmful ionizing radiations.

Heart Rhythm and Arrhythmia

Arrhythmia is an issue with the Rhythm or Speed of the heartbeat. During an arrhythmia, the heartbeat is excessively moderate, or excessively quick, with an unpredictable musicality. The heartbeat that is too quick is considered tachycardia that is too moderate is called Bradycardia. Nearly arrhythmias are innocuous, whereas few can be not kidding and even dangerous. At the point when the heartbeat is moderate or irregular, or quick, the heart won't have the option to siphon the necessary blood to the body. This may make Harm heart and Different Organs of the Body.

1. Ventricular Fibrillation
2. Bradycardia
3. Tachycardia
4. Atrial Fibrillation

Cardio-Oncology and Nuclear Cardiology

Cardio-Oncology: Cardio-oncology is a study of cardiology that involves on the monitoring, detection and treatment of cardiovascular disease resulting as a side effect of chemotherapy and radiology. A number of cardiologists treat and manage patients with heart disease and cancer.

Nuclear Cardiology: Nuclear Cardiology studies use autoimmune techniques to evaluate myocardial blood flow, the pumping function of the heart as well as envision the size and location of a heart attack. Among all the techniques of nuclear cardiology, myocardial perfusion imaging is the mostly used.

Types of Nuclear Cardiology Tests:

• Cardiac SPECT   
• Cardiac PET-CT

Hypertension and Arterial Hypertension

Aspiratory Arterial hypertension, or PAH It is a kind of hypertension which influences the Arteries in lungs and the correct side of your heart. It is an extremely basic condition that can change your everyday schedule life. At the point when you get the correct determination or treatment, however, you can get the consideration you have to facilitate your side effects AH and heart siphons the blood through our Arteries and sending Oxygen to all pieces of our body.         

1. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
2. Athlete’s heart(with LVH)
3. Congestive heart failure due to other etiologies
4. Atrial fibrillation due to other aetiologies
5. Diastolic dysfunction due to other etiologies
6. Coronary artery atherosclerosis

Robotically Assisted Heart Surgery

It is a kind of insignificantly obtrusive heart medical procedure which is performed by Cardiac specialists. Mechanically Assisted heart Surgery is likewise called a Closed Chest heart medical procedure. The specialists utilize an extraordinarily planned PC comfort to control the surgical instruments on slender Robotic arms. This innovation enables Cardiac specialists to play out certain significant sorts of complex heart medical procedures with the littler entry points and exact movement control offering patients improved results.

1. Atrial septal defect(ASD)repair
2. Patent foramen ovale (PFO)repair
3. Removal of cardiac tumors

Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Thoracic Surgery: Thoracic surgery indicates the operations on organs in the chest, including the heart, lungs and esophagus. Thoracic surgeries cover coronary artery bypass surgery, heart transplant, lung transplant and removal of the lung affected by cancer.

Types of Thoracoscopic Surgery Procedures:

• Video-Assisted Lobectomy   
• Wedge Resection
• Lung Biopsy
• Drainage of Pleural Effusions
• Mediastinal, Pericardial, and Thymus Thoracoscopic procedures

Cardiovascular Surgery: Cardiovascular surgery defined as heart surgery. It relates surgical procedure which includes the heart, or the blood vessels that carry blood to heart.

Types of heart surgery:

• Coronary artery bypass grafting   
• Heart valve repair or replacement
• Pacemaker Insertion or cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)
• Maze surgery
• Aneurysm repair
• Heart transplant
• Ventricular assist device (VAD) or total artificial heart (TAH) insertion

Paediatric Cardiology

As the patients live a longer life and should be treated over the long haul and the administration of Paediatric cardiology issues and Congenital coronary illness moves more in to primary and goes into Paediatric Cardiology for the current clinical direction. New patrons from everywhere throughout the world including 80% new to this release present the most recent difficulties in the field and underscore the immature and post-usable results for the board.

1. Paediatric Cardiac Tumours
2. Paediatric Kawasaki Disease
3. Paediatric Atherosclerosis
4. Tetralogy Of Fallot In Infants
5. Paediatric Pericarditis
6. Rheumatic heart disease
7. Paediatric Aortic Stenosis
8. Paediatric Pulmonary Atresia

Heart Failure and Myocardial infarction

Heart failure:  Heart failure is the heart’s inability to pump an adequate flow of blood to the body. All major body functions are disrupted without sufficient blood flow. Heat failure can affect the left side or right side of heart or both at the same time.

Types of heart failure:

• Right sided heart failure   
• Left sided heart failure
• Diastolic heart failure
• Systolic heart failure

Myocardial infarction: Myocardial infarction is also known as heart attack. It occurs when blood flow stops or decreases to a part of the heart and causes damage to the heart muscle. Discomfort or pain in chest is the most common symptom which may extend into the shoulder, arm, back, neck or jaw.

Stem Cell Research and Regeneration on Cardiology

Stem Cell Research: Stem-cell research is a research that involves the properties of stem cells and their potential utilize in medicine. Stem cells are the origin of all tissues, describing their properties helps in our understanding of the healthy and diseased body's development and homeostasis.There are five different types of stem cells discussed;

• Totipotent (or Omnipotent) Stem Cells 
• Pluripotent Stem Cells
• Multipotent Stem Cells
• Oligopotent Stem Cells
• Unipotent Stem Cells

Regeneration on Cardiology: Cardiac regeneration is a wide attempt that straight to repair inevitably harmed heart tissue with cutting-edge science, involving stem cell and cell-free therapy. Many tools have been developed to replace injured heart tissue and impaired heart function using the body's natural ability to regenerate.

Resuscitation and Emergency Infusions

Resuscitation: Resuscitation is the process of improving physiological disorders (such as lack of breathing or heartbeat) in a patient. It is a very important part of intensive care medicine, trauma surgery and emergency medicine. Examples are cardiopulmonary resuscitation and mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. CPR Techniques;

• High-Frequency Chest Compressions.   
• Open-Chest CPR.
• Interposed Abdominal Compression-CPR
• “Cough” CPR
• Prone CPR
• Precordial Thump
• Percussion Pacing

Emergency infusions: Emergency infusion is the process of injecting directly into the bone marrow which produces a non-collapsible entry point into the systemic venous system. This technique defines to allow fluids and medication when intravenous access is not accessible.

Infusion Drugs & Types of Infusions:

• Antibiotics   
• Biologics
• Chemotherapy
• Fluids
• Heart pumps medication
• Hemophilia factor therapy
• Intravenous gamma globulin (IVIG)
• Pain management

Cardiovascular Engineering and Technology

Cardiovascular Engineering: Cardiovascular engineering involves both the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular engineering research includes the complete biological cardiovascular tissues for regenerative-medicine applications, the study and treatment lymphatic disorders and the study of calcification within the cardiovascular system.

Cardio-vascular Technology: Cardiovascular technology describes the diagnosis and treatment of heart-related and blood vessels-related conditions. Cardiac Technology explains how to use imaging technology and perform an ultrasound. Observing heart rates, elucidating procedures to patients and reviewing their files are all essential in cardiovascular technology.

Clinical and Experimental Cardiology

Clinical cardiology: Clinical cardiology produces more than one type of imaging, which is used to evaluate patients for cardiac disease. Coronary angiography is a gold standard which is used for diagnosis of coronary artery stenosis and magnetic resonance imaging is performed to determine gross anatomy and SPECT is used to estimate myocardial perfusion.

Experimental Cardiology: Experimental Cardiology discuss about heart health-related issues, including hypertension, myocardial ischemia, diabetes, and other cardiovascular diseases.

Genetics of Heart & Vascular Disease

Genetics of Heart Disease: Genetics can direct the risk for heart disease. Genes control every details of the cardiovascular system, from the strength of the blood vessels to the cells in the heart. Genetic mutations in a single gene influence the likelihood of developing heart disease.

There are 3 Common Inherited Heart Diseases:

• Familial Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy   
• Familial Dilated Cardiomyopathy
• Familial Hypercholesterolemia

Vascular Disease : Vascular disease affects the blood vessels. As heart beats, it pumps blood with oxygen and nutrients to feed tissues and it carry off waste.

Types of Vascular Disease:

• Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm   
• Atherosclerosis
• Carotid Artery Disease/Carotid Artery Stenosis
• Chronic Venous Insufficiency
• Intermittent Claudication
• Deep Vein Thrombosis

Womens Cardiovascular Health: Cardiac Problems during Pregnancy

Cardiac Problems during Pregnancy: Cardiac problems during pregnancies include symptoms like fatigue, chest pain, and shortness of breath, fainting, difficulty breathing while sleeping. Fainting occurs due to blood pressure and volume changes in pregnancy.

Common heart problems that affect women include:

• Shunt lesions   
• Obstructive Lesions
• Complex lesions
• Cyanotic heart disease