Infection Treatment and Control
Contamination counterproductive action and control is required to keep the transmission of Infectious ailments in all social frameworks. These maladies are typically caused by microscopic organisms and can be spread by human to human contact, creature to human contact, human contact with a contaminated surface, airborne transmission through little beads of uncontrollable operators suspended perceptible all around lastly, by such regular vehicles as water. Infection control and Counteractive action requests a basic comprehension of the study of disease transmission of maladies, by a little chance factors that expand quiet defenselessness to contamination, and the methodology where medicines that may bring about diseases.

• Track 1-1: Hospital Acquired Infections
• Track 1-2: Patient Safety
• Track 1-3: Hand Hygiene
• Track 1-4: PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)
• Track 1-5: Injection Safety
• Track 1-6: Antibiotics and Antivirals

Vaccine Research& Development
Vaccine Development is a venture that focuses only on a variety of technological enterprise and applied research, which increase and promote improved systems and practices for vaccine safety. In the past year, the unpredictable Ebola disease outbreak impels research and industry response and as we continue to search for solutions, we must review the lessons learned in order to overcome the current challenges. Vaccines development is a long, complex process, often lasting 10-15 years and requires a combination of public and private involvement. The current system for enlarging, testing, and regulating vaccines which developed during the 20th century as the groups are involved regulates their procedures and regulations.

• Track 2-1 Vaccines Current and novel approaches
• Track 2-2 Next Generation Vaccines
• Track 2-3 Infectious and Non infectious diseases Vaccines
• Track 2-4 Cancer, Malaria TB Vaccines
• Track 2-5 Vaccine Regulation and its Safety Efficacy
• Track 2-6 Pregnancy Neonatal Vaccines

Antimicrobial drug resistance (AMR)
AMR is said to be the ability of a microbe to withstand the effects of medication that once might successfully treat the microbe. The word antibiotic resistance (AR or ABR) is a detachment of AMR, as it relates only to the bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics. Resistant microbes are more problematic to treat, requiring alternative medications or higher doses of antimicrobials. These methodologies may be more expensive, higher toxicity risk or both. Microbes resistant to numerous antimicrobials are called multidrug resistant (MDR). The classes of drug resistance are extensively drug-resistant (XDR) and totally drug- resistant (TDR).

• Track 3-1 Hetero resistance in multi drug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens
• Track 3-2 Bacterial strain - Super-bugs
• Track 3-3 Drug resistant monitoring programsMRSA,VRSA,ESBL,VRA,MRAB
• Track 3-4 Mechanism of bacteria exhibiting drug resistance
• Track 3-5 Global action plan and awareness
• Track 3-6 Cause and Control

Neurological diseases
Neurological infections are the disorders which are observed in the Brain. Viral and immune-mediated disorders of the nervous system are the most challenging neurological infections. The most common neurological disorders are multiple sclerosis and HIV. In spite of noteworthy advancements in the treatment of this kind, central nervous system (CNS) infections still remain a major challenge. They are frequently difficult to diagnose, and treatments are either insufficient or non-existent. Infections can be categorized as acute or chronic. In aspects of the nervous system is categorized to meningitis or the brain substance itself (encephalitis), or both of them (meningoencephalitis). Some infections that trigger an inflammatory reaction that causes neurological damage independently with the infection. In some inflammatory conditions, new issues may arise which might be related to the disease and infect and lowers the activity of CNS gradually

• Track 4-1 Emergence of New Infections
• Track 4-2 Increase in Opportunistic Infections
• Track 4-3 Lack of Treatments of Neuron infectious Diseases
• Track 4-4 Control Strategies
• Track 4-5 Undiagnosed CNS Infections

Information Technology and Innovations in Infectious Diseases
Facilitating innovation and access to health technologies remains a key strategy in combating infectious diseases in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). However, a gulf between paying markets and the endemicity of such diseases has funded to the dearth of R&D in summit these public health needs. While the pharmaceutical industry views evolving economies as capable new markets, most of the world’s poorest bottom billion now resides in middle-income countries a fact that has complicated tiered access provisions. Residing, product expansion partnerships specifically those including academic organisations and small corporations find marketable prospects in pursuing even ignored infections and a developing pharmaceutical sector in BRICS countries offers hope for a native base of innovation

Pathogenic Infections
One of the commonly seen bacterial infections is tuberculosis with the utmost risk factor, affected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria, which kills about 1.5 to2 million people a year, frequently in sub-saharan Africa. Pathogenic bacteria subsidize to other globally important diseases, which include pneumonia and foodborne illnesses. Pathogenic bacteria can also be the reason for the infections like tetanus, typhoid fever, diphtheria, syphilis, and leprosy. Pathogenic bacteria are also the reason of high infant mortality rates in developing countries

• Track 6-1: Focus on streptococcal infections : Streptococcus pneumonia, Group A & Group B Streptococcus
• Track 6-2: Infections in specific tissue
• Track 6-3: Mechanisms of damage

Blood Infections
Micro-organisms can cause infection in human blood and diseases are known as blood borne pathogens. The most common and dangerous germs spread through blood within the hospital are viral hepatitis B and hepatitis c virus. These viruses cause infections and liver injury. This virus causes AIDS. Organisms such as bacteria, viruses, prions, and parasites will be transmitted through blood transfusions.

• Track 7-1: Septicemia
• Track 7-2: Rare blood infections
• Track 7-3: Types of bacteria in blood

Gastrointestinal & Urinary Tract Infections
Gastrointestinal and Urinary Tract contaminations are viral, bacterial or parasitic diseases. Gastrointestinal Infection causes gastroenteritis, an irritation of the gastrointestinal tract including both the stomach and the small digestive tract .Gastrointestinal contaminations can be brought about by an extensive number of microorganisms, including Adenovirus, Campylobacter, Clostridium difficile, Escherichia coli and Urinary Tract Infection characterizes that your bladder and kidneys and the cylinders that interface them. At the point when germs get into the body they can cause a contamination. The greater part of the urinary tract contaminations (UTIs) are bladder diseases

• Track 8-1: Pyelonephritis
• Track 8-2: Microbial transmission
• Track 8-3: Urethritis
• Track 8-4: Pathophysiology
• Track 8-5: Cystitis

Infections during diabetes
In commonly spreading, infectious diseases are more frequent and serious in patients with diabetes mellitus, which naturally increases their morbimortality. The superior incidence of infections in diabetic patients is caused by the hyperglycaemic environment that favour’s immune dysfunction, micro- and macro-angiopathies, neuropathy negotiate the antibacterial activity of urine, gastrointestinal and urinary dysmotility, and increase the chances of medical complications in these patients

• Track 9-1: Diabetic foot ulcer
• Track 9-2: Pathophysiology of diabetic infections
• Track 9-3: Antibiotics used in diabetic infections
• Track 9-4: Diabetes risk awareness and prevention habits

Respiratory tract infections
The class of infections caused in the tract involved in the respiration process, starting from the nose including the respiratory organs there are many sorts of infections which are further categorised into, Upper respiratory tract infections, i.e. Nasal obstruction, sore throat, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, sinusitis, otitis media, and the cold sores are commonly seen and Lower respiratory tract infections, i.e. bronchitis and edema are commonly seen. Air pollution may be one of the common causes for many of the respiratory tract infections. These may be life threatening infections in acute conditions

• Track 10-1: Influenza (A & B)
• Track 10-2: Bronchitis ( Epidemiology, Aetiology, Treatment, Prevention)
• Track 10-3: Ophthalmology

Imaging of infection with next generation microscopy
By the development of metabolic and infection imaging it has been routine process, as it shows the accurate and most valuable information of the infection site, type and resistance, which interne helps in treating efficiently, with the known cause and specificity. But in direct identification of infection in the body without any externally observed abnormality. But by using the cross sectional imaging technique and imaging the sedimentation of radioisotopes that have been settled into white blood cells or glucose. Biologic imaging is useful in discovering the anatomic sites where there is inflammation or high metabolic demand. However, a drawback of biologic imaging is that it is not specific for infection

• Track 11-1: Diagnostic imaging: Nuclear medicine, CT scan, Ultrasound, MRI, Tomography Radiography
• Track 11-2: Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Scanning tunnelling microscopy(STM), Atomic force microscopy(AFM), Super resolution microscopy(SRM)

Fifth Disease
Fifth disease is a mellow rash infection produce by parvovirus B19. This disease is also called as erythema infectiosum. It is mostly common in children than adults. A person commonly gets sick with fifth disease within four to 14 days after getting infected with parvovirus B19. The major symptoms of fifth disease are usually mellow and may involve fever, running nose, and headache. This disease is contagious because the rash is due to an immune system reaction that happens after the infection has passed. Anyone with fifth disease is most communicable before the rash appears. This disease is caused by a virus, so it can't be treated with antibiotics. In most cases, it is a mild illness that clears up on its own and no medicine is needed.

• Track 12-1: Human parvovirus
• Track 12-2: Diagnosis and treatment
• Track 12-3: Fifth Disease & Pregnancy

Bacterial and Viral Infectious diseases
A bacterial infection is a rapid growth of a harmful strain of bacteria on or inside the body. Harmful bacteria can cause a few illnesses like pneumonia, meningitis, and food poisoning. Bacterial infections are one of the main causes of foodborne illness. Common symptoms include nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, fever, chills, fatigue and abdominal pain. Most of the sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are caused by harmful bacteria. Most of the times they are not related to any symptoms of the disease but still can cause significant damage to the reproductive system. Bacterial skin infections are generally caused by gram-positive strains of bacteria such as Streptococcus and Staphylococcus. Some of the bacterial infections include boils, impetigo, and folliculitis. Viruses are like hijackers. This can slaughter, damage, or change the cells and make sick. Different viruses attack certain cells in the body such as the liver, respiratory system, or blood.

• Track 13-1: HIV
• Track 13-2: Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)
• Track 13-3: Vaccines
• Track 13-4: Gram-positive strains

Paediatric Infectious Diseases
Pediatric infectious diseases are the category of transmittable diseases which are caused in children less than 8 years of age. Paediatrician deal with the infections occurring in children and the treatment method fluctuates from children to adults. The commonly categorised disorders are Pneumonia- diagnosed in nearly 2% of infants < 1 year and in 4% of children aged 1 to 5 years. It is estimated that 90% of Paediatric pneumonia are caused by viral agents. Other infections also include Otitis Media which is caused in children who live with the adults who smoke

• Track 14-1: Campylobacteriosis
• Track 14-2: Scarlet fever
• Track 14-3: Shigellosis
• Track 14-4: Osteomyelitis
• Track 14-5: Chickenpox
• Track 14-6: Streptococcal pharyngitis

Veterinary Infectious Diseases
Infectious diseases of livestock are globally a major threat to animal health and welfare and their proper control is important for agronomic health, for protecting and national and international food supplies and for mitigating rural poverty in developing countries. Animal diseases constitute an important threat to human health since the rise of human diseases is dominated by zoonotic pathogens. Zoonotic contaminants that are transmissible either directly or indirectly between animals and humans are on the expansion or posture noteworthy threats to human health and the present pandemic status of new influenza A (H1N1) is a typical case of the test displayed by zoonotic infections. Veterinary scientists commonly combine with epidemiologists

• Track 15-1: Parasitic diseases in animals
• Track 15-2:Diseases causing microbes in animals
• Track 15-3: Clostridial diseases

Clinical Trials of Antibiotics
Prescribing doctors are, increasingly, using clinical trial data as a major source of information for evidence-based medicine for the treatment of infectious diseases, as in other clinical disciplines. However, it may be difficult to extract from these data the information that is needed for the management of the individual patient. At the same time, clinical trial data have been used, apparently satisfactorily, in the process of drug registration, and the pharmaceutical industry has spent increasingly large sums of money to satisfy the needs of this process.

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
A urinary tract infection (UTI) is a bacterial infection that alters the urinary system that produces, stores, and eliminates urine. The causative of the infection is a bacteria called Escherichia coli. Composition of urine is salts, fluids and waste produces, but does not usually have bacteria in it. Bacteria inflowing the bladder or kidney can multiply rapidly in the urine, causing a UTI (urinary tract infection). Cystitis is the most common type of UTI and mostoftenly referred to as a bladder infection. A kidney infection, also known as pyelonephritis is potentially more serious. Infections of the bladder and/or urethra are known as lower urinary tract infections; if it occurs in the kidneys or ureters they are known as upper urinary tract infections. In general, urinary tract infections are simply and effectively treated with a short course of antibiotics. However, infection can cause uneasiness, to the patient suffering pain at the time of urination, a frequent desire to urinate, and cloudy urine. Women are more likely than men to have a UTI. This is because in women the urethra is nearer to the anus than it is in men, which makes it easier for bacteria to get from the anus to the urethra. In women the urethra is also much shorter than it is in men, making it easier for bacteria to contact the bladder. Antibiotics are used to treat UTIs. The majority cases of UTIs clear up after a few days of drug treatment, although more severe cases may require few weeks of treatment. Guidelines recommend using nitrofurantoin or trimethoprin-sulfamethoxazole as first-line antibiotic treatments for UTIs. Fluor quinolones (such as ciprofloxacin) are now only recommended when other antibiotics are not appropriate.

Antibiotics in Our Food System
The rise of dangerous antibiotic-resistant bacteria has become a critical public health problem, fuelled in part by their use in industrial animal agriculture. Since the 1940s, antibiotics have played a critical role in protecting public health, and have saved millions of lives. However, the non-therapeutic use of antibiotics by the is now responsible for the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria that pose a grave threat to public health. According to the FDA, more than 20 million pounds of medically important antibiotic drugs modern food animal industry were sold for use in food producing farm animals in 2014. Antibiotics have been used in livestock feed since the 1940s, when studies showed that the drugs caused animals to grow faster and put on weight more efficiently, increasing meat producers’ profits. Up until the recent past, when the FDA banned the practice, non-therapeutic antibiotics — those used for purposes other than treating disease — were routinely given to livestock, poultry and fish on industrial farms to promote faster growth. As industrial farming has spread around the world, so, too, has the use of non-therapeutic antibiotics. One study estimates that global antimicrobial consumption will grow by 67 percent by 2030, due to increasing demand for animal-based products, with countries including Brazil, India and China doubling their usage over that time period. According to the World Health Organization, antibiotic-resistance in many areas of the world already exceeds 50 percent in many major bacteria groups, including E. coli, K. pneumonia and S. aureus.

Antibiotic sensitivity
Antibiotic sensitivity or antibiotic susceptibility is the susceptibility of bacteria to antibiotics. Because susceptibility can vary even within a species (with some strains being more resistant than others), antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) is usually carried out to determine which antibiotic will be most successful in treating a bacterial infection in vivo. Testing for antibiotic sensitivity is often done by the Kirby-Bauer method. Small wafers containing antibiotics are placed onto a plate upon which bacteria are growing. If the bacteria are sensitive to the antibiotic, a clear ring, or zone of inhibition, is seen around the wafer indicating poor growth. Ideal antibiotic therapy is based on determination of the aetiological agent and its relevant antibiotic sensitivity. Empiric treatment is often started before laboratory microbiological reports are available when treatment should not be delayed due to the seriousness of the disease. The effectiveness of individual antibiotics varies with the location of the infection, the ability of the antibiotic to reach the site of infection, and the ability of the bacteria to resist or inactivate the antibiotic. Some antibiotics actually kill the bacteria (bactericidal), whereas others merely prevent the bacteria from multiplying (bacteriostatic) so that the host's immune system can overcome them. Müeller-Hinton agar is most frequently used in this antibiotic susceptibility test. An antibiogram is the result of an antibiotic sensitivity test. It is by definition an in vitro sensitivity, but the correlation of in vitro to in vivo sensitivity is often high enough for the test to be clinically useful. Before starting this treatment, the physician will collect a sample from a suspected contaminated compartment: a blood sample when bacteria possibly have invaded the bloodstream, a sputum sample in the case of a ventilator associated pneumonia, and a urine sample in the case of a urinary tract infection. These samples are transferred to the microbiology lab, which looks at the sample under the microscope, and tries to culture the bacteria. This can help in the diagnosis.