Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Sexually transmitted diseases are infections that go starting with one individual then onto the next through sexual contact. They are otherwise called sexually transmitted Infections (STIs) or venereal Diseases (VD). A few STDs can spread by using unsterilized medication needles and from mother to new born child during labour or breast feeding, and blood transfusions. People pass on STD’s more effectively when they are not using contraceptive devices, for example, condoms, dams, and disinfecting sex toys. A few diseases can transmit through sexual contact yet are not classed as STDs. For instance, meningitis can be passed on during sexual contact; however individuals can acquire meningitis infection for different reasons. It is in this manner not classed as a STD.

Sexual Health
Sexual Health is a condition of physical, mental and social prosperity in relation to sexuality. It requires a positive and conscious way to deal with sexuality and sexual relationships, just as the likelihood of having pleasurable and safe sexual encounters, free of compulsion, segregation and brutality. For sexual wellbeing to be achieved and kept up, the sexual privileges of all people must be regarded, secured and satisfied.

HIV/AIDS: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome:
HIV causes AIDS. HIV crushes the CD4 T lymphocytes of the immune system and leaves the body exposed against an assortment of dangerous ailments and malignant tumours. Following initial contamination, an individual may not see any symptoms or may experience a concise time of influenza-like illness. Normally, this is followed by a drawn out period without any indications. As the disease advances, it effects more with the immune system, expanding the risk of developing basic contaminations, for example, tuberculosis, just as other opportunistic infections, and tumours that once in a while influence individuals who have uncompromised immune systems. These late side effects of disease are referred as (AIDS). This stage is often connected with unintended weight reduction and it is the most exceptional phase of HIV contamination. To be determined to have AIDS, an individual with HIV must have an AIDS-characterizing condition or have a CD4 count under 200 cells/mm3. HIV has been found in saliva, tears, nervous system tissue, blood, semen including pre-seminal fluid, vaginal liquid, and breast milk.

STD Diagnosis and Management
Sexually transmitted Diseases (STDs) are most effectively analysed utilizing laboratory facility tests. These tests may require modern equipment which most health care settings can scarcely manage. Sexually transmitted disease care at the essential level is being accomplished with a methodology called "syndromic management." This methodology depends on recognizing the significant groups of signs and symptoms regularly connected with specific contaminations.Through the syndromic management approach, patients are analysed and treated based on these disorders, rather than on the basis of specific STDs. STD control programs need to recognize the regular disorders in the region the organisms responsible for them, and effective antibiotics.

Viral, Bacterial, and Parasitic STDs
A Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) is a infection that is passed on from one person to another during sexual activity. There are a wide range of STIs that can be passed on during oral sex, vaginal sex or anal sex. Some can even be passed from skin-to-skin genital interaction. It is critical to treat STIs at the earliest opportunity and not to spread them. Many can easily be cured, but if an STI is left untreated, it might cause different complications in the body. Some types of STIs can cause infertility or even demise. Some common STDs are chlamydia, gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis, syphilis, herpes, and HPV.You can get an STD if you have sex without a condom with someone who has an STD.

Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C & Tuberculosis
Most healthy people’s immune systems contain TB infection without developing symptoms. Latent TB infection is an asymptomatic and non-transmissible form of TB. Hepatitis means inflammation of the liver. This condition is frequently caused by a virus. The most well-known reasons for viral hepatitis are hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus. Twin investigations of Tuberculosis and chronic hepatitis B virus infection distinguished a strong host genetic component to individual variability in disease susceptibility. HBV and HCV are mutual among individuals who are at risk for, or living with, HIV. You can get some of viral hepatitis the same way you get HIV—through unprotected sexual contact and injection drug use. HAV causes a short-term severe illness, is usually spread when the virus is ingested from contact with food and objects like injection drug equipment. Short-course chemotherapy has proved to be highly effective in the treatment of tuberculosis, but one of its adverse effects is hepatotoxicity.

STDs and Infertility
Gonorrhoea and chlamydia, which are preventable, are the two STDs destined to result in infertility because they can cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in women. Chlamydia can cause fallopian tube infection without any symptoms. PID and silent infection within the upper genital tract might cause permanent injury to the fallopian tubes, uterus, and surrounding tissues, which can lead to infertility. This can increase and scar the fallopian tubes, making it hard for sperm and eggs to find each other, blocking pregnancy. Having an STD/STI will not stop a woman from conceiving. However, in some instances, women who have had STDs/STIs might be difficult in getting pregnant because of damaging and injury to their reproductive organs leading to infertility.

Public Awareness and knowledge on STDs and Rare Diseases
Educational and awareness programs must be led to improve the public knowledge about the sexually transmitted diseases. Individuals influenced by sexually transmitted infections have significantly increased, millions of people are affected by the disease due to lack of awareness. Public must know about the impact of STDs on the lives of the affected people and the significance of preventing, screening and treating STDs. Poor knowledge about the STDs lead to expanded health issues such as ectopic pregnancies, infertility and different complications. It is estimated that the majority of cases where the infection has been passed on are from those with undiagnosed

Rare Diseases
A rare disease, also known to as an orphan disease, is any disease that influences a small percentage of the population. Most rare diseases are genetic, and are present throughout an individual's entire life, even if symptoms do not immediately appear. Rare diseases are portrayed by a wide diversity of symptoms and signs that fluctuate not only from disease to disease but also from patient to patient suffering from the same disease. Relatively common signs can hide underlying rare diseases, leading to misdiagnosis. Many rare diseases appear early in life. The exact source for many rare diseases remains unknown. But Environmental factors, viral contaminations, genetic mutations, diet, smoking, or exposure to chemicals, also can play a role in rare diseases.

Future of Rare Diseases Research
It is still a reality for rare disease patients to spend years in the health care system before an accurate diagnosis is made. Next-generation sequencing and improved data sharing have give rise in faster discovery of gene disease and thus diagnostics. However the rate of gene disease discovery is now reducing maybe as a consequence of the likely complex origin of the remaining unsolved disease. To face this challenge, new methods in particular addressing non coding region of the genome will need to be developed. In addition, even if the rate of rare disease therapeutic development and approval has been increasing, some percentage of rare diseases still lack an approved treatment. Due to variations of rare infections, research has to be worldwide to ensure that specialists, researchers and clinicians are connected, that clinical trials are multinational and that patients can advantage from the pooling of resources over borders. Research in rare infections is crucial as several patients still need proper diagnosis and left without compelling medications; it is also a region where expertise is also rare

Challenges of Living with a Rare Diseases
Focusing within the coordination between medical, social and support services in order to handle the challenges that people living with a rare disease and their families around the world confront each day. Even if rare disease patients and their families face several challenges, enormous progress is being made daily. Most rare diseases don’t have any cure, thus living with a rare infection is an on-going learning experience for patients and families. Day-by-day, hand-in-hand, together we present a united voice to advocate for the treatments, care, resources and services we all need. Managing these care-related tasks alongside their usual daily activities such as work, school and leisure time can be challenging.

Rare Genetic Diseases
There are various reasons for rare infections. The greater part is thought to be hereditary, caused by changes in qualities or chromosomes. In a couple of cases, hereditary changes are the reason infection passes starting with one generation then to the other. In different cases, they happen arbitrarily in an individual who is the essential in a family to be analyzed. These ailments have horrible names. Now and again they are even anonymous. Because of the absence of interest in research, we are still new with the causes or segments of the vast majority of the uncommon hereditary sicknesses logically known to exist. Chromosome issue are of two sorts numerical and basic. Now and again chromosome variations from the norm occur during the advancement of an egg or sperm cell, and different occasions they occur after origination. Chromosome issue might be suspected in individuals who have formative deferrals, scholarly handicaps or potentially physical irregularities.

Rare Pediatric Diseases
Children affecting with rare diseases are Rare Paediatric diseases, there are different reasons for paediatric infections some of the rare paediatric diseases are, Congenital Heart Defects, Eisenmenger Syndrome, Kawasaki Diseaseand Achondrogenesis. Rare paediatric diseases is a serious or life-threatening disease, affect people aged from birth to 18 years, including age groups often called neonates, infants, children, and adolescents. is one of the cases of paediatric rare infection. Paediatric rare diseases have received better consideration in recent years due to greater public awareness, significantly improved understanding and treatment of the relatively more common disorders, elimination of nutritional deficiencies and the advancement of laws related to the treatment of rare diseases.

Rare Skin Diseases
Most of the diseases influences the skin arise within the layers of the skin, such defects are also important aspects in the diagnosis of a variety of internal diseases. The skin has an innate district explicit anatomical assorted variety which will significantly alter the presence of a rash. This is apparent when skin transplanted from one area of the body to another retains the morphological characteristics of the donor area. The classification of hereditary skin disorders generally has been based upon gross morphological, histological and electron microscopic findings, because a skin disease may not always have a characteristic presentation, the specific diagnosis sometimes has been in doubt.

Vaccines and Vaccination
Vaccines are the biological preparations that are able to improve immunity from a disease and can be administered through needle injections. A vaccine contains an agent which resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe or its toxins. The agent stimulates the body’s immune system to identify it as foreign, destroy it, and remember it, so that the immune system can more easily identify and destroy any of these microorganisms that it encounters later. The body’s immune system responds to vaccines as if they contain an actual pathogen, even though the vaccine itself is not capable of causing disease. Vaccinated individuals produce antibodies which neutralize the disease caused by virus or bacteria. They are less possible to become infected and transmit those germs to others.

Deadly viral diseases
Deadly viral diseases are caused due to the viruses which are tiny germs that invade into the living organisms and normal cells, by using those cells they multiply and produce viruses like themselves. They can cause damage, make changes in the cell can make us sick or can kill us. Viruses can attack different cells in our body, few examples of some deadly viral diseases are Ebola, H5N1bird Flue, Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever, and Spanish Flue, Rabies, HIV, West Nile Virus etc. There are some antiviral medicines to treat viral infection, Vaccines can also prevent us from a viral infection.

Viruses and Tumors
A direct oncogenic viral mechanism involves either the insertion of additional viral oncogenic genes into the host cell, or the enhancement of already existing oncogenic genes in the genome. Tumor viruses come in a variety of forms. Viruses with a DNA genome, such as adenovirus, and viruses with an RNA genome, like the Hepatitis C virus, which can cause cancers. Retroviruses having both DNA and RNA genomes like Human T-lymphotropic virus and hepatitis B virus may also reason for cancers. Viruses will become carcinogenic once they integrate into the host cell genome as part of a biological accident like polyomaviruses and papillomaviruses. The frequency of human cancer can be reduced by vaccinating against the viruses or therapeutically by testing the infections.

Agriculture and Plant Virology
Agriculture and Plant virology manages with the cyclic advancement of viral disease within plant. Transgenic plants are genetically altered utilizing recombinant DNA technique to create plants with new characteristics. Brome Mosaic Virus a small icosahedral positive stranded RNA plant virus which infects wheat and barley. Tobacco-mosaic virus is a single stranded RNA virus that causes mottling and discolouration of tobacco leaves. Cucumber mosaic virus are the plant pathogenic virus that happens in cucumber and tomato plants. Alfalfa mosaic infection is a phytopathogen that prompts to yellow mosaics and necrosis on commercially significant crops such as peas, lentils, clovers. Rice Stripe Virus is a RNA plant pathogen that taints plants for example wheat, corn and rice.

Veterinary Virology
Veterinary virology is the branch of veterinary medicine. It is the study of the viruses in non-human animals. Research in virology and veterinary virology studies the pathogenicity, diagnostic , identification , epidemiology and immune responses to a variety of infective agent pathogens for example, Japanese encephalitis virus, HIV, respiratory syncytial virus, cytomegalovirus and other herpes viruses, chicken metapneumovirus, feline calicivirus and Schmallenberg virus. Techniques used contains diagnostic identification ways, flow cytometry, ELISA, epidemiology, PCR and transcriptomic and genomic technologies, including metagenomics, resequencing and genotyping cell separation, proteomics, and infection models.

Surgical Site Infections
Our skin is a natural barrier against infection. Even with several precautions and protocols to inhibit infection in a place, any surgery that causes a disruption in the skin can result in an infection. Doctors call these infections as surgical site infections because they occur on the part of the body where the surgery took place. If you have surgery, the chances of developing an SSI are about 1% to 3%.Surgical site infections are the infections which may occur within 30 days after the operation and are observed in the parts of skin and subcutaneous tissue of the incision. Most SSIs can be treated with antibiotics. Sometimes added surgery or techniques might be required to treat the SSI.