Food Microbiology
Food biology is that the study of the microorganisms that inhibit, create, or contaminate food, as well as the study of microorganisms inflicting food spoilage, pathogens which will cause malady particularly if food is badly toasted or hold on, those wont to manufacture hard foods like cheese, yogurt, bread, beer, and wine, and people with different helpful roles like manufacturing probiotics

• Food Safety
• Fermentation
• Microbial Biopolymers
• Food Testing

Food Engineering
Food engineering could be a multidisciplinary field which mixes biology, applied physical sciences, chemistry and engineering for food and connected industries. Food engineering includes, however isn't restricted to, the applying of agricultural engineering, engineering and chemical engineering principles to food materials. Food engineers offer the technological data transfer essential to the cost-efficient production and exploitation of food product and services. Physics, chemistry, and arithmetic square measure basic to understanding and engineering product and operations within the food trade

• Food Processing
• Food Machinery
• Ingredients Manufacturing
• Instrumentation
• Control

Food Technology
Food Technology could be a science that deals with the techniques and principles concerned in process and protective the food substances. the appliance of food science helps in producing safe, wholesome and nutritive food product. The study of food technology is to develop new ways and systems for keeping food product safe and resistant from natural harms like bacterium and alternative micro-organisms. Food process helps in preservation enhances the flavour and reduces the toxins within the nutrient which ends up in higher spatial arrangement potency and straightforward promoting of the nutrient

• Pasteurization
• Freeze Drying
• High-Temperature Short Time Processing
• Decaffeination
• Process Optimization

Food Chemistry
Food chemistry is that the learning of chemical methods and dealings of all biological and non-biological workings of foods. The biological substances embody such things as meat, poultry, lettuce, beer, and milk as examples. it's almost like organic chemistry in its main parts like carbohydrates, lipids, and macromolecule, however it conjointly includes areas like water, vitamins, minerals, enzymes, food additives, flavors, and colors. This discipline conjointly encompasses however product modification below bound food process techniques and ways that either to reinforce or to forestall them from happening.

• Food Proteins
• Enzymes
• Vitamins
• Minerals
• Food Additives

Food Packaging
Food packaging is packaging for food. A package provides protection, change of state resistance, and special physical, chemical, or biological wants. it should bear a nutrition facts label and alternative data concerning food being offered available.

• Types of Packaging
• Packaging Machines
• Trends in Food Packaging
• Food Safety and Public Health

Food Preservations
Food preservation prevents the expansion of microorganisms, moreover as deceleration the oxidization of fats that cause rancidity. Food preservation may embody processes that inhibit visual deterioration, like the protein browning reaction in apples once they're cut throughout food preparation

• Curing
• Cooling
• Freezing
• Boiling
• Heating
• Canning
• Vaccum Packing
• Artificial Food Addivities
• High Pressure Food Preservation
• Biopreservation

Fish Sauce
Fish sauce may be a seasoner ready from fish coated in salt and hard from weeks to up to years. used as a staple seasoning the most content during this fish sauce is salt

• Fish Salt
• Glutamate

Brewery Operations
A current trend in the brewing industry is the merging of all operations into one user interface. The operations involve all aspects Cleaning, Brewing, Filtration, Transfer.

• Cleaning Procedures
• Brewing
• Filtration
• Transfer

Technical Brewing
Mechanical Brewing covering extensive technical features of brewing components, the brewing procedure, brewing by-products, ecological concerns in breweries, beer packing, beer essence, physical constancy, manufacture, engineering, quality regulator, investigation,packaging and material handling, maintenance, and administration in brewing.

• Keeping Detailed Recoed Of brewing Process
• Purchasing Raw Materials
• Checking Brewing Conditions
• Developing And Testing New Beers
• Maintaining Quality

Sustainable Brewing
Environmental berth may be a high priority for each craft brewers and craft brew enthusiasts. Maintaining a healthy balance between berth, social enrichment, and economic vitality is vital to the long run success of craft production.

• Site Selection And Characteristics
• Major Utilities
• Building Envelope
• Operating Systems
• Case Study

Preservation Methods
Traditional and non-traditional food preservation approaches together with physical ways, chemical ways and their mixtures for extension of the time period of fruit juices and beverages.

• Low temperature long time LTLT
• High temperature short time HTST
• High hydrostatic pressure HHP
• Pulsed electric field
• Ultrasound
• Ultraviolet Light
• High pressure homogenization HPH
• Membrane filtration
• Bacteriocins
• Lactoperoxidase
• Herb, spice and flavor oils
• Chitozan

New Product Development
The aim of the study is to gift the results of a properly conducted new foodstuff development method, that is extremely necessary component of life cycle of product and strategy of enterprises.

• Stage of Conception
• Introductory
• Laboratory Phase
• Stage of Advanced Development
• Implementation of The Product Into Production

Quality Control
Quality control involves the causes, interference and communication managing food-borne unwellness. Quality control additionally ensures that product meets specs to confirm the client receives what they expect from the packaging to the physical properties of the merchandise itself.

• Analytical Quality Control
• Quality Assurance
• Quality Management Framework
• Microbial Spoilage

Sensory Analysis
Sensory analysis could be a subject area that applies principles of experimental style and applied math analysis to the utilization of human senses (sight, smell, taste, bit and hearing) for the needs of evaluating shopper product. The discipline needs panels of human assessors, on whom the product square measure tested, and recording the responses created by them. By applying applied math techniques to the results it's potential to create inferences and insights concerning the product underneath check. Most massive goods firms have departments dedicated to sensory analysis

• Analytical Testing
• Affective Testing
• Preception
• Keep Maintenance Record

Plant and Crop Science
Plant Sciences is that the study of plant growth, copy, evolution, and adaptation, in addition because the use of the plant for food, fiber, and decorative functions. Manufacturing enough food for a growing world population. Breeding plants to tolerate the heat- and drought-stress caused by global climate change. Developing property cropping practices providing healthful and nutrient food. Investigation new ways to fight plants diseases. Restoring broken ecosystems to raise support those that live there. Protective species, through plant collections in gardens and arboretums, for future generations. Crop science is that the study of the world's major food, feed, turf, and fiber crops and their atmosphere. It's a broad discipline encompassing breeding, genetics, production, and management, developing and applying new technology to make sure a secure and plentiful foods provide and a property agro-ecosystem.

• Organic Farming
• Agriculture Business Sales, Marketing Management
• Horticulture
• Turfgrass Management
• Forage Crops
• Crop-Environment Interactions

Plant Biotechnology and Plant Tissue Culture
Plant Tissue Culture may be a technique of growing cells, tissues or organs in sterilized nutrient media below controlled antiseptic conditions. The material to be refined could also be cells, tissues or plant organs like excised root tip, shoot tip, shoot bud, leaf stem, inflorescence, anther, embryo, ovule or ovary. Plant biotechnologies that assist in developing new varieties and traits embrace genetic science and genetic science, marker-assisted choice (MAS), and transgenic (genetic engineered) crops. These biotechnologies enable researchers to observe and map genes, discover their functions, choose for specific genes in genetic resources and breeding, and transfer genes for specific traits into plants wherever they're required.

• Genetic structures and mechanisms
• Methods for transgenic biotechnology
• Plant genome sequences molecular markers, and bioinformatics
• Gene EditingGenome Editing
• Synthetic Biology
• Callus Culture
• Organ Culture
• Cell Culture

Plant Pathology and Plant Microbiology
Plant Pathology and biological science focuses on basic and applied aspects of plant-associated and environmental microorganisms, with a central specialise in fungi and microorganism viewed as either pathogens or useful organisms. Plants, our main suppliers of food and fibers, move directly or indirectly with different organisms, together with fungi and microorganism. From agricultural purpose of read the end result of those interactions will be helpful or harmful. the essential understanding of the biology of such microorganisms, additionally because the means they move with plants is of elementary importance, since it will contribute to the event of property methods to deal with disease and/or promote higher crop yields, whereas minimizing negative impacts on the surroundings. additionally, advances within the understanding of microorganism communities and microorganism processes within the surroundings could offer insights which will be exploited for development of novel environmental and biotechnological approaches.

• Microbial ecology and microbial systems biology
• Plant immunity
• Agricultural Biotechnology
• Mycology
• Virology

Molecular Plant Breeding
Molecular Plant Breeding (MPB) utilizes latest genetic technologies to develop higher styles of crop plants. 2 molecular technologies, viz. molecular marker technology and transformation technology are employed in molecular plant breeding. It permits sequence transfer between unrelated organisms through transformation technology or gene-splicing. It helps in identification of recent genes of economic importance. MPB generally contributes novel traits of agronomic value in crop plants.

• Molecular marker technology
• Transformation technology
• Restriction fragment length polymorphisms
• Amplified fragment length polymorphisms
• Random amplified polymorphic DNA
• Expressed sequence tags
• Simple sequence repeats
• Sequence tagged site
• Single nucleotide polymorphisms

Plant & Forest Ecology and its Diversity
Forest ecology is that the study of all aspects of the ecology of jungly areas, together with rain forest, deciduous and evergreen, temperate and boreal forest. It includes the community ecology of the trees and different plant and non-plant species, additionally as system processes and conservation. Plant ecology could be a sub-discipline of ecology focussed on the distribution and abundance of plants, and their interactions with the organic phenomenon and abiotic setting.

• Water cycle in forest ecosystem
• Nutrient Relations of Plants
• Biotic interactions and biodiversity
• Carbon Balance
• Biogeochemical cycles of nutrients
• Thermal Balance of Plants
• Water Relations of Plants

Plant Genetics and Epigenetics
.Plants gained the power to vary their response to environmental stimuli. Epigenetic changes in organic phenomenon have fascinated scientists over many decades. These processes received specific attention in plants, wherever they'll lead to stunning variations in conspicuous phenotypes like pigmentation. Epigenetic management is additionally a key issue within the development of transgenic plants with applicable expression from freshly introduced transgene segments. Epigenetic changes in polymer and body substance have an effect on the genes and transposons activity. Epigenetic controls the time of flowering, parent of origin learning, paramutation and DNA silencing. order studies of epigenetic marks unconcealed the vital role of little meddlesome RNAs in maintaining epigenetic states

• Adaptation to Different Climates
• Epigenetic stress memory for crop improvement
• Cell-Autonomous Bistable Switching
• Polycomb Silencing
• heritable variability
• Increasing epigenetic variability either genome wide or at specific loci

Plant Fertilization & Protection
.Plant fertilization is that the union of male and feminine gametes (reproductive cells) to provide a cell (fertilized egg). Plant protection is that the follow of managing weather, weeds, pests and diseases that injury or inhibit the expansion of fruit, vegetable and different farming crops. correct crop protection is very important to provide higher quality crops with borderline wastage. This increase in productivity results in less land, water and labour being needed for food crops. With less land getting biodiversity is preserved and fewer greenhouse gases are emitted.

• Porogamy
• Chalazogamy
• Mesogamy
• Crop Protection Management
• Weed Management
• Insect Management
• Plant Disease Management

Seed Science
Seed science is split into 2 sections: one section, called carpology, studies the seed sand fruits of untamed plants, and the different section studies the seeds of cultivated plants. Seed science is that the theoretical basis of seed growing. Agricultural seed science conjointly elaborates strategies of evaluating and dominant seed material. The science is closely connected with botany, organic chemistry, genetics, and different biological sciences; it uses the analysis strategies of every of those sciences.

• Seed types
• Embryo
• Nutrient storage
• Seed coat
• Size and seed set
• Edible seeds
• Poison and food safety

Watershed Management
Watershed control is a time period used to explain the procedure of implementing land use practices and water control practices to shield and improve the fine of the water and different herbal assets within a watershed through coping with using the ones land and water assets in a complete manner.

Agricultural Soil & Water Science
Environmental changes like soil and pollution, eating away, drought and soil depletion, square measure seriously poignant the system, that affects agriculture practices and food production. to confirm that Israel is ready to feed its growing population and maintain its agricultural export with restricted soil and water resources, the event of progressive agriculture alongside the preservation of the surroundings, are pursued. These advances utilize the management of distinctive water resources (treated waste and change waters), to make made agriculture in AN arid surroundings and to use sustainable water treatment technologies.

• Soil chemistry
• Soil fertility
• Plant nutrition
• Water repellent soils
• Plant-water-atmosphere relationships
• Soil physics
• Soil minerals

Agricultural Pollution
Agricultural pollution refers to organic phenomenon and abiotic by-products of farming practices that end in contamination or degradation of the atmosphere and encompassing ecosystems, and/or cause injury to humans and their economic interests. The pollution could return from a spread of sources, starting from beginning pollution (from one discharge point) to a lot of diffuse, landscape-level causes, conjointly referred to as non-point supply pollution. Management practices play an important role within the quantity and impact of those pollutants. Management techniques vary from animal management and housing to the unfold of pesticides and fertilizers in international agricultural practices.

• Pesticides
• Fertilizers
• Land Management
• Heavy Metals
• Green house gases from fecal waste
• Biopesticides
• Genetically Modified Organisms GMO

Toxicological Sciences in Agriculture
Pesticides area unit biocides particularly designed to kill, repel, attract and mitigate the organisms, that area unit nuisance to humans and their agricultural and hygiene activities. The pesticides could also be the organic molecules or inorganic artificial molecules or the biopesticides. The toxicologic activities on pests rely on their chemical structure and completely different life stages. These pesticides will be classified as organochlorine compounds, organophosphorus compounds, carbamates, pyrethroids and neonicotenoids.

• Pesticide
• Insecticide
• Bio pesticide
• Virucide
• Bactericide
• Fungicide
• Herbicide
• Herpecide

Animal Science
Animal Science is delineate as "studying the biology of animals that area unit underneath the management of humanity." It may be delineate because the production and management of sheep. Traditionally, the degree was referred to as farming and therefore the animals studied were placental mammal species, like bovine, sheep, pigs, poultry, and horses. Today, courses out there currently inspect a way broader space to incorporate companion animals like dogs and cats, and lots of exotic species.

• Farm Animal Breeding
• Livestock Management
• Poultry Science
• Animal Health Sciences
• Animal Nutrition
• Dairy Science

Horticultures
Horticulture is the science and art of generating, cultivating, marketing, and using fruits, vegetables, flowers, and decorative plants. It differs from botany and other plant sciences in that horticulture combines both science and aesthetics. Production and ingestion of high quality fruits and vegetables allows us to sustain a healthy, stable daily diet. Flowers and decorative plants enrich our homes and communities, and subsidies to our sense of well-being. Horticulture influences our lives on a daily basis by providing healthy fruits and vegetables, offering visual pleasure, and endorsing leisure activities.

• Arboricultures
• Turf Managements
• Floriculture
• Landscape Horticulture
• Olericulture
• Pomology
• Viticulture
• Oenology

Sustainable agriculture
Sustainable agriculture is a type of farming that concentrates on producing long-term crops and livestock while having slight effects on the atmosphere. This type of farming tries to find a good stability between the need for food production and the protection of the ecological system within the environment. In addition to making food, there are several overall goals related with sustainable agriculture, including preserving water, decreasing the use of fertilizers and pesticides, and promoting biodiversity in crops grown and the ecosystem. Sustainable agriculture also concentrates on keeping economic stability of farms and helping farmers advance their skills and excellence of life.

• Sustainable Intensification
• Soil Treatment
• Ecology and Management of Weed
• Advanced Cropping Systems
• Plant Breeding for Organic Agriculture
• World Agricultural Systems

Viticultures
Viticulture means that the assembly of grapes. It can even seek advice from the branch of science, that involves the study of grapes. it's a subdivision of husbandry and could be a course offered in several schools and universities. craft is closely connected to culture, however, culture could be a broad illustration of the many aspects of grape production and not simply wine.

Agriculture Meteorology
The branch of meteorology that treaties with the connection of weather and climate to crop and stock production and soil management

Nematology
The Division of Nematology is remitted to figure on nematodes, ordinarily referred to as as roundworms, eelworms or threadworms. they're the foremost varied multi-cellular organisms inhabiting completely different habitats and belong to numerous biological process teams. Plant parasitic nematodes additionally visit indirect injury to crops by pre-disposing plants to alternative co-inhabiting infective bacterium, fungi, pathogens etc. they're a very important organic phenomenon stress for the no-hit cultivation of field and farming crops.