Gastrointestinal Diseases and Disorders

Gastrointestinal (GI) diseases that affect various portions of the GI tract as well as digestive organs such as the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder. Some disorders that affect other areas of the gastrointestinal tract can show up in the mouth, either alone or in combination. GI diseases affect millions of people around the world and are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Diarrhoea, abdominal pain, abdominal distention, gastrointestinal haemorrhage, intestinal obstruction, malabsorption, or malnutrition are some of the most prevalent symptoms of gastrointestinal diseases. Irritable bowel syndrome affects 20% of the population, while dyspepsia affects 40%. Less than one third of patients seek help and support from a general practitioner for these issues, and anxiety of serious disease and cancer is just as crucial as symptom severity in determining whether or not to seek help.

Liver Transplantation and Surgery

A liver transplant is a procedure in which a donor's partial or whole liver is used to replace the sick heart in a patient. Biliary atresia is an uncommon disorder that affects newborn infants and results in the absence or obstruction of the common bile ducts, which transport bile from the liver and are located between the liver and small intestine. People who are obese are subjected to various forms of  bariatric surgery. The liver can be examined microscopically to get a tissue sample that could be used to identify liver disease. A large needle is used to retrieve a sample of tissue from the liver during a biopsy, which is then analyzed in a lab

Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

Endoscopy of the gastrointestinal tract is one of the most prevalent invasive procedures in clinical practice. A doctor can examine the interior lining of your digestive tract through a procedure called gastrointestinal endoscopy. An endoscope is a flexible fibre-optic tube with a tiny TV camera at the end that is used for this examination. The camera is either attached to an eyepiece for direct viewing or to a video screen, which displays the images on a colour television. The endoscope can be used to diagnose as well as treat gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. Endoscopy of the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) has advanced at a rapid speed in the last decade. The scope of therapeutic endoscopy has expanded substantially as a result of technological advancements. Novel endoscopic procedures for diagnosing and treating GI disorders, including gastric neoplasms, have sprung out as a result of technological developments.

Hepatitis and its types

The liver is inflamed by hepatitis. The disorder could be self-limiting, or it might worsen and lead to cirrhosis, liver cancer, or fibrosis (scarring). The most frequent cause of hepatitis in the world is hepatitis viruses, although it can also be brought on by autoimmune illnesses, other infections, and toxic substances (including alcohol and other medications).

There are five different forms of hepatitis viruses: hepatitis A (HAV), hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV), hepatitis D (HDV), and hepatitis E. (HEV). Due to the weight of illness and death they produce as well as the possibility of outbreaks and epidemic spread, these 5 categories are the most concerning. In hundreds of millions of people, types B and C coupled with cancer are the most common causes of chronic illness and liver cirrhosis.

Pediatric Gastroenterology

Pediatric gastroenterology arose as a sub-specialty of gastrointestinal and paediatrics. It is concerned with the treatment of children's gastrointestinal tracts, livers, and pancreas from infancy until the age of eighteen. Acute diarrhoea, prolonged vomiting, gastritis, and issues with the development of the stomach tract are the main disorders it deals with. The specialisation of paediatric gastroenterology and nutrition is still evolving. Many gastrointestinal (GI) diseases have undergone revolutionary transformations as a result of ongoing research at the bench and at the bedside. The emergence of elemental formulations in nutrition has occurred throughout the previous two decades. In children with substantial protein allergy and malabsorption, this advancement has improved intestinal and nutritional rehabilitation.

Hepato- Nephrology and Pathology

While kidney histology is normal in HRS, liver pathology is changed. The most typical cause of HRS is liver cirrhosis, which has the appearance of chicken wire on a trichrome stain. The results of laboratory testing on susceptible individuals are used to make the diagnosis of hepatorenal syndrome. A life-threatening medical illness known as hepato-renal syndrome (HRS) is characterized by a fast decline in kidney function in people with cirrhosis or fulminant liver failure. Unless a liver transplant is performed, HRS is typically deadly. However, some treatments, such as dialysis, can stop the disease from progressing

Gastrointestinal Genetics and Immunology

Many gastrointestinal disorders are hereditary or have a genetic predisposition that plays a role in their manifestation. Many of these diseases have been linked to genes discovered recently. Genetic testing is now accessible for several diseases to diagnose them and to detect asymptomatic family members. Although certain genes have been linked to various disorders, the cause of the ailment is yet unknown. These advancements will continue to alter the way doctors diagnose and treat gastrointestinal disorders.

Liver Cirrhosis

Cirrhosis is a late stage of liver scarring (fibrosis) brought on by a variety of liver disorders and conditions, including chronic alcoholism and hepatitis. Cirrhosis develops because of hepatotoxicity. Your liver strives to heal itself after each injury. Scar tissue is created during the process. Cirrhosis makes it more challenging for the liver to function as more scar tissue develops. Cirrhosis develops because of liver injury. Your liver strives to heal itself after each injury. Scar tissue is generated during the process. Ever more scar tissue develops as cirrhosis progresses, impairing the liver's ability to function. Symptoms of this impairment include ascites (abdominal fluid buildup), hepatic encephalopathy, testicular atrophy in men, and breast enlargement in men. Additionally, cirrhosis might result in spleen enlargement and portal hypertension splenomegaly).

Clinical Research in Gastroenterology

Following the discovery of new treatment medications and advances in the knowledge of underlying mechanisms, the area of gastroenterology and hepatology is quickly evolving. Clinical trials are research studies that look at novel drugs, surgeries, and treatment regimens. Before the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approves a medical intervention for human use, it must undergo thorough testing to ensure that it is both safe and effective. The ultimate goal is to translate laboratory discoveries into better patient care and quality of life.

Liver Diseases

Many crucial bodily processes that are necessary are controlled by the liver. It aids in the removal of toxins, energy storage, and food digestion. The lack of those abilities can do a lot of harm to the body if it becomes ill or damaged. Men, women, and kids can all develop one of the more than 100 different types of liver disease. Cirrhosis, alcoholism, hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E, Epstein-Barr virus (infectious mononucleosis), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and iron overload are among these conditions (hemochromatosis). The primary signs of a liver imbalance are weakness and weariness, weight loss, nausea, vomiting, and skin discoloration in a yellowish hue (jaundice).