Glycoscience

Glycoscience comprises a broad range of knowledge and research on simple and complex carbohydrate metabolism, anabolism, structure, and function. Glycans are expressed in all microorganisms, including prions, as well as in all higher organisms, thus it is not surprising that their biological and disease impacts are profound. This fascinating diversity makes the study of glycoconjugates highly challenging on many levels. New technologies in the field, along with novel perspectives and insights, are helping to shape the future of glycoscience toward a more rationally integrated discipline alongside other biological and clinical disciplines as glycoscience becomes a cornerstone of modern chemical, biological, and biomedical sciences.

• • Cancer epidemiology • Cancer metastasis • Cancer biomarkers • Tumorigenesis • Cancer therapeutics • Cancer biopsy

Glycobiology

 Glycobiology is the study of the structure, biosynthesis, and biology of saccharides (sugar chains or glycans) that are widely distributed in nature.Sugars or saccharides are essential components of all living things and aspects of the various roles they play in biology are researched in various medical, biochemical and biotechnological fields.

Biochemistry

Biochemistry or biological chemistry, is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms. A sub-discipline of both chemistry and biology, biochemistry may be divided into three fields: structural biology, enzymology and metabolism. Over the last decades of the 20th century, biochemistry has become successful at explaining living processes through these three disciplines. Almost all areas of the life sciences are being uncovered and developed through biochemical methodology and research. Biochemistry focuses on understanding the chemical basis which allows biological molecules to give rise to the processes that occur within living cells and between cells, in turn relating greatly to the understanding of tissues and organs, as well as organism structure and function.Biochemistry is closely related to molecular biology which is the study of the molecular mechanisms of biological phenomena.

Glycan’s

Glycans are chain-like structures that are composed of single sugar molecules (monosaccharides) linked together by chemical bonds. Monosaccharides such as glucose, fructose and galactose are most widely-known as the building blocks of dietary sugars and carbohydrates, and are the main source of fuel in most living organisms.

However, many other types of monosaccharides exist in nature, and they can assemble into a huge variety of chain structures, from extremely loIt is now known that sugar chains are not only a source of energy – they also have many other functions in biological systems. The sugar chain structures commonly called glycans are usually found attached to proteins and lipids in living organisms. The constituent monosaccharides, their combination and bonding position, and the type of branching can all affect the properties and roles of these “glycoconjugates”.ng straight chains like polymers to complex branched shapes.

Glycochemistry

Glycobiology along with the arena of proteomics, mainly the submission of mass spectrometry investigation to protein samples, is well-established and increasing quickly. Proteomics readings beside with glycan’s make large volumes of raw experimental records and conditional biological outcomes. To accelerate the propagation of these statistics, centralized facts storehouses have been advanced that make the data and results accessible to proteomics researchers and biologists alike. Experimental analysis of proteomics data repositories concentrates totally on freely-available, centralized data properties that disseminate or store experimental mass spectrometry data and results.

Glycans in Diseases and Therapeutics

Glycomedicine functions as essential role in cell-cell adhesion i.e. a device used by cells of the immune system through sugar-binding proteins called lectins, which classify precise carbohydrate portions. Glycans (carbohydrate oligomers) are the so-called “building blocks” of carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins and lipids play leading roles in various biological phenomena as well as in numerous pathophysiological procedures. Several scientists have now understood that glycosylation, i.e. the count of glycans to a protein backbone, is the most plentiful post translational alteration responses and is a major field of research and sometimes they require a glycobiology method to be exploited

Glycans in Drug Design

Glycans are elements of numerous bio-therapeutic mediators, ranging from natural products to molecules based on rational plan to recombinant glycoproteins. The glycan components of these agents can be important aspects of their biological activity and therapeutic efficacy. Biochemistry and Glycobiology includes a multidisciplinary study of carbohydrate-binding proteins (lectins), glycolipids and some selected other plant proteins that are skilful of connecting with endogenous or foreign (macro) molecules. The eminence of the research is on protein-carbohydrate interaction and their involvement in signalling procedures in plants or in plant protection. Based on the formed fundamental alertness new methods are being industrialised to shield crop plants against pests and diseases

• • Membrane biophysics • Systems biology • Enzyme synthesis • Biophysical approaches to cell biology • Computational and theoretical Biophysics

Glycoimmunology

There are three crucial investigation themes being examined by the Glycoimmunology group: carbohydrate immunochemistry and vaccine design, carbohydrate-based inhibitor synthesis, and carbohydrate immunology. Particular projects concentrates on immune directing of cancer cells via the bioengineering of their surface sialic acid; the controller of cancer metastasis via the operation and targeting of tumor external carbohydrate; physical and immunochemical mapping of defensive salivated epitopes and carbohydrate-based disease altering methods for Several Sclerosis

• • Transfusion medicine • Glycomedicine • Cardiac arrest • Cancer associated coagulopathies • Cardiovascular diseases

Glyconeurobiology

Carbohydrate rich molecules containing glycolipids, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans in the nervous system have main roles during progress, regeneration and synaptic plasticity. The structural variety of the carbohydrate moieties renders them ideally suited as stage-specific biomarkers for numerous cell types leading to mediate interactions amongst recognition molecules, thereby contributing to the development of a composite molecular framework at the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix of the cell. The excellent structural diversity of glycan chains and associated moieties allows for immense progressive opportunities that can leads to cell interactions alongside with cell matrix interactions.

• • Neurological disorders • Neurogenetics • Alzheimer disease • Neurosurgery • Neuropathology • Neurotoxicology • Vascular dementia

Glycoinformatics

Presently Glycoinformatics is a new branch of bioinformatics that deals with the education of carbohydrates. It generally contains database, software, and algorithm progress for the study of carbohydrate structures, glycoconjugates, enzymatic carbohydrate creation and degradation, as well as carbohydrate collaborations. Original practice of the duration does not currently include the treatment of carbohydrates from the more well-known nutritive aspect.

• • 3D structure determination • Protein folding • Protein engineering • Protein Modeling • Mass spectroscopy • Homology modeling

Proteoglycan and sialic acid

Proteoglycan have  more than 95%  of carbohydrate by weight. Proteoglycan supports to offer us with the knowledge to the molecule's several chemical compositions. As proteo signifies protein, while glycan signifies sugar or a group of sugars, so proteoglycan is a long polysaccharide chain covalently committed to a protein. The protein element of proteoglycans is manufactured by ribosomes and mostly translocated into the lumen of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Sialic acid is a generic term for the N- or O-substituted derivatives of neuraminic acid, a monosaccharide with a nine-carbon backbone and are found widely distributed in animal tissues and to a lesser level in some additional organisms, ranging from fungi, plants, yeasts and bacteria, mostly in glycoproteins and gangliosides.

• • Protein engineering • Protein Modeling • Homology modelling

Glycopathology

Carbohydrates are fundamentally considered as main bases of structural materials and energy for living creatures. Modern investigation’s in this zone has concentrated mostly on modest basic sugars and homopolysaccharides such as, starch, cellulose, glycogen, and chitin. During the last few decades, the academics have lifted their attention on composite systems like carbohydrates, especially proteoglycans, glycolipids and glycoproteins which are together mentioned to as glycoconjugates that displays the prospective of recognition markers in the biological system which also relates to other biomedical and clinical fields. The roles of glycans and glycoconjgates in cancer have been emphasizes, because a small modifications in glycosylation can tremendously regulate the complete pathway and mechanisms of cancer, which indicates to an indication as a biomarker growth leading to several therapeutics development in cancer research.

Genomics and Metabolomics

Genomics is the study of the genome in contrast to genetics which mentions to the study of genes and their roles in inheritance. Genomics can be considered a discipline in genetics. It applies recombinant DNA, DNA sequencing methods and bioinformatics tools to sequence, assemble and analyse the function and structure of genomes with the complete set of DNA within a single cell of an organism. Advances in genomics have stimulated a transformation in discovery-based research to know even the most complex biological systems such as the brain. The field contains efforts to govern the whole DNA arrangement of organisms and fine-scale genetic mapping.

• • Applications of mass spectrometry • Signal splitting: spin-spin coupling • Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) • Nuclear spin • Mass spectrometry for protein analysis • Emerging separation technologies

Glycolipids and Glycopeptides

Glycolipids are narrow in elements but well-known to be main and vital suppliers of glycoconjugates in all zones of life. The physical diversity of glycolipids is exceptional, as dissimilar types of lipids are glycosylated in nearly every systems of life like animals, plants, and bacteria. Their fundamental role is to continue constancy of the membrane and to enable other cellular recognition. They act as glycan-carriers in the membranes of photosynthetic structures in, algae, plants and bacteria.

Glycopeptides are principally peptides that comprise carbohydrate to normally glycan’s which are covalently attached to the side chains of the amino acid residues that constitute the peptide. These comprise a course of drugs of microbial origin that are collected of glycosylated cyclic or polycyclic non ribosomal peptides.

• • Protein folding • Protein profiling • Expression proteomics • G-protein-coupled receptor • Molecular and cellular proteomics • Quantitative proteomics • Post-translational modifications

Recent Advances in Glycobiology

Mostly glycans are important elements of numerous bio therapeutic agents, conflicting from natural products to molecules based on various rational designs to recombinant glycoproteins and glycoconjugates. The glycan components of these agents can be important essentials of their biological activity and therapeutic ability. Recent patenting of novel therapeutics typically requires elucidations of the arrangement of matter in the claimed molecule for approval. Various dominant growths can be seen in the areas of imaging, structure prediction technologies and advancement of hybrid procedures to identify the structure and role of carbohydrates and proteins.

• • Cancer stem cells • Tissue regeneration • Somatic cell therapy • Bone marrow transplantation • Stem cell biomarkers • Stem cell technologies