Glycoscience and Glyco-nutrition

Glycoscience is the  study of simple  and complex carbohydrate metabolism, anabolism and it’s structure and function. Glycans are found in all microorganism including prions and also in higher organism. This interesting diversity makes the study of glycoconjugates highly challenging on many levels. New technologies  are helping to give a future to the glycoscience research field, toward a more rationally integrated discipline along the other side of biological and clinical disciplines as glycoscience becomes akeystone of modern chemical, biological, and biomedical sciences.

Glycans in Diseases and Therapeutics

Glycomedicine functions as essential role in cell-cell adhesion i.e. a device used by cells of the immune system through sugar-binding proteins called lectins, which classify precise carbohydrate portions. Glycans (carbohydrate oligomers) are the so-called “building blocks” of carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins and lipids play leading roles in various biological phenomena as well as in numerous pathophysiological procedures. Several scientists have now understood that glycosylation, i.e. the count of glycans to a protein backbone, is the most plentiful post-translational alteration responses and is a major field of research and sometimes they require a glycobiology method to be exploited.

Glycans in Drug Design

Glycans are elements having many bio-therapeutic mediators, based on sensible plan to recombinant glycoproteins. The glycan components having the important biological activity and therapeutic potency. Biochemistry and Glycobiology both are having  a multidisciplinary study of carbohydrate-binding proteins (lectins), glycolipids and some selected plant proteins that are  able to  connecting with endogenous(foreign macro molecule). The notability of the research is on protein-carbohydrate interaction and their involvement in signalling procedures in plants or in plant protection. New methods are being available to  shield crop plants against pests and diseases based on the fundamental alertness.

• Membrane biophysics
• Systems biology
• Enzyme synthesis
• Biophysical approaches to cell biology
• Computational and theoretical Biophysics

Glycoimmunology , Glyconeurobiology and Glycoinformatics

Glycoimmunology group is having three crucial investigation theme: carbohydrate immunochemistry & vaccine design, carbohydrate-based inhibitor synthesis, and carbohydrate immunology.

• Transfusion medicine
• Glycomedicine
• Cardiac arrest
• Cancer associated coagulopathies
• Cardiovascular disease      

In the nervous system, Carbohydrate rich molecules are  containing glycolipids, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans. They have main roles during progress, regeneration and synaptic plasticity. The structural variety of the carbohydrate portion renders them suited as stage-specific biomarkers for numerous cell types that  leading to mediate interactions amongst recognition molecules. The super structural diversity of glycan chains and associated fraction allows for immense progressive opportunities that can leads to cell interactions alongside with cell matrix interactions.

• Neurological disorders
• Neurogenetics
• Alzheimer disease
• Neurosurgery
• Neuropathology
• Neurotoxicology
• Vascular dementia

Presently Glycoinformatics is a new branch of bioinformatics that deals with the education of carbohydrates. It generally contains database, software, and algorithm progress for the study of carbohydrate structures, glycoconjugates, enzymatic carbohydrate creation and degradation, as well as carbohydrate collaborations.

• 3D structure determination
• Protein folding
• Protein engineering
• Protein Modeling
• Mass spectroscopy
• Homology modeling

Recent Advances in Glycobiology

Mostly glycans are more essential elements having  numerous bio therapeutic agents, incompatible from natural products to molecules based on various rational designs to recombinant glycoproteins and glycoconjugates. The glycan components of these agents are playing a vital role in biological activity and therapeutic ability. Recent patenting of novel therapeutics  requires clarification of the arrangement of matter in the claimed molecule for approval. Various dominant growths can be seen in the areas of imaging, structure prediction technologies and advancement of hybrid procedures to identify the structure and role of carbohydrates and proteins.

• Cancer stem cells
• Tissue regeneration
• Somatic cell therapy
• Bone marrow transplantation
• Stem cell biomarkers
• Stem cell technologies

Glycolipids and Glycopeptides

Glycolipids are glycoconjugates of lipids in which the carbohydrates are attached by glycosidic bond. They are generally found in the extracellular  membrane and its crucial role to maintain stability of the membrane and facilitate the cell –cell interaction. It can also act as receptors for viruses and other pathogen to enter the cell. Glycolipids are the component of cellular membranes having hydrophobic tail and hydrophilic tail and hydrophilic sugar molecule attached by glycosidic bond.

Glycopeptides are generally  proteins molecule(peptide) that are attached to carbohydrate.Normally they are glycans which are covalently attached to the side chain of amino acid residues to form peptide. These include  a course of drugs of microbial origin that are collected of glycosylated cyclic or polycyclic non ribosomal peptide

• Protein folding
• Protein profiling
• Expression proteomics
• G-protein-coupled receptor
• Molecular and cellular proteomics
• Quantitative proteomics
• Post-translational modifications

Metabolic Disorders

Metabolic disorders involve abnormalities in the body's metabolism, affecting how it converts food into energy and essential molecules. They arise from genetic defects or enzyme deficiencies, disrupting nutrient breakdown, synthesis, or utilization. Research strives to uncover causes, enhance diagnostics, find treatments, and refine management for improved patient health and well-being.
Here's a list of some common metabolic disorders can have research on :

1. Carbohydrate Metabolism Disorders:

• Glycogen storage diseases (e.g., Glycogen Storage Disease Type I, II, III, IV)
• Disorders of carbohydrate absorption (e.g., lactose intolerance)
• Galactosemia
• Fructose intolerance

2. Amino Acid Metabolism Disorders:

• Phenylketonuria (PKU)
• Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD)
• Homocystinuria
• Tyrosinemia
• Cystinuria

3. Fatty Acid Metabolism Disorders:

• Medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MCAD)
• Long-chain fatty acid oxidation disorders (e.g., Very Long-Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency)
• Carnitine deficiency disorders

4. Mitochondrial Disorders:

• Mitochondrial myopathies
• Mitochondrial encephalomyopathies
• Leigh syndrome
• Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndromes

5. Lysosomal Storage Disorders:

• Gaucher disease
• Pompe disease
• Fabry disease
• Tay-Sachs disease
• Niemann-Pick disease

6. Peroxisomal Disorders:

• Zellweger spectrum disorders
• X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD)
• Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata

7. Hormonal Disorders:

• Diabetes mellitus (Type 1 and Type 2)
• Hyperthyroidism
• Hypothyroidism
• Cushing syndrome
• Addison's disease

8. Other Metabolic Disorders:

• Wilson's disease
• Hemochromatosis
• Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
• Homocystinuria
• Porphyria

Glyco-oncology and Glyco-immunology

Metabolic Dysfunction and Anesthesia

Clinical Insights and Best Practices

Glycobiology and Metabolic Pathways in Chronic Pain

This session aims to explore the intricate interplay between glycobiology, metabolic disorders, and chronic pain. Emerging evidence suggests that dysregulation of metabolic pathways and alterations in glycan structures can significantly impact pain perception and contribute to the development of chronic pain syndromes. By delving into the molecular mechanisms underlying these relationships, this session seeks to identify novel therapeutic targets and interventions for more effective pain management strategies. 

Topics for Discussion:

• Role of Glycans in Neuroinflammation and Pain Sensitization
• Impact of Metabolic Disorders on Nociceptive Pathways
• Glycosylation Patterns in Neuropathic Pain Conditions
• Metabolic Signaling in Chronic Pain: From AMPK to mTOR
• Therapeutic Opportunities at the Intersection of Glycobiology and Pain Management
• Glycans as Biomarkers for Pain Assessment and Treatment Response
• Dietary Interventions and Metabolic Modulation in Pain Relief
• Glycobiology-Based Approaches for Mitigating Opioid-Induced Hyperalgesia
• Gut Microbiota, Metabolism, and Pain: Exploring the Gut-Brain Axis
• Translational Research and Clinical Applications of Glycobiology in Pain Medicine

Glycomicrobiology

Exploring the Intersection of Glycobiology and Microbial Biology" 

  Microbial Glycans: Many microbes, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa, have complex surface structures composed of glycans. These glycans often play crucial roles in microbial adhesion, recognition, virulence, and host-pathogen interactions. Understanding the structure and function of these microbial glycans is essential in microbiology for studying pathogenesis and developing therapies.

  Host-Microbe Interactions: Glycobiology explores how host cells and microbes interact, particularly through glycan recognition. Microbes can recognize host glycans as receptors or attachment points, facilitating infection or symbiotic relationships. Understanding these interactions is vital for microbiologists studying infectious diseases and immunology.

  Glycosylation in Microbial Processes: Glycosylation, the process of attaching glycans to proteins and lipids, is crucial in microbial physiology. It affects protein folding, stability, function, and interactions with host cells. Microbiologists study microbial glycosylation pathways to understand microbial metabolism, protein trafficking, and cell signaling.

  Biochemical and Genetic Studies: Both fields utilize similar biochemical and genetic techniques to study glycans and glycosylation pathways in microbes. Techniques such as mass spectrometry, glycan microarrays, and genetic engineering are employed to analyze microbial glycans and their roles in microbial biology.

  Biotechnological Applications: Glycobiology and microbiology converge in biotechnological applications. Microbial systems are used to produce recombinant glycoproteins with specific glycan structures, which are important for developing vaccines, therapeutic antibodies, and diagnostic tools.

Glycobiology in Nursing Practice

'' Understanding Glycan Dynamics for Enhanced Patient Care'' 

Glycobiology enhances nursing practice by providing insights into cellular interactions, disease mechanisms, clinical applications, patient education, and research opportunities.

  Cellular Interactions and Health: Glycans are crucial components of cell surface molecules like glycoproteins and glycolipids. These molecules mediate cell-cell interactions, immune responses, and signaling pathways. Understanding glycobiology helps nurses comprehend how cells communicate and function in health and disease.

  Disease Mechanisms: Glycans play significant roles in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including infectious diseases, cancer, and autoimmune disorders. Nurses benefit from knowledge of glycobiology to understand disease mechanisms, identify biomarkers, and comprehend therapeutic interventions related to glycan structures.

  Clinical Applications: Glycobiology research contributes to developing diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies. For instance, understanding the glycan profiles of pathogens aids in diagnosing infections, while glycan-targeted therapies are being explored for cancer and inflammatory conditions. Nurses play a critical role in implementing these advancements in clinical settings.

  Patient Education: Educating patients about the importance of nutrition in glycobiology is essential for managing conditions like diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Glycans from dietary sources impact health outcomes, and nurses can provide dietary recommendations based on glycobiological principles.

  Research and Evidence-Based Practice: Nurses engaged in research or evidence-based practice can contribute to glycobiology by investigating how glycans influence patient outcomes and developing nursing interventions that consider glycobiological factors.

"Glycobiology and Glycochemistry in Oral & Respiratory Health"

In both dentistry and respiratory medicine, understanding glycobiology, glycochemistry, and metabolic disorders is essential for advancing diagnostic techniques, developing effective treatments, and improving patient outcomes. These interdisciplinary connections highlight the importance of integrating biological and chemical knowledge with clinical practice in these specialized fields of medicine.

Glycobiology, Glycochemistry, and Metabolic Disorders in Heart Health

Glycobiology, glycochemistry, and metabolic disorders is essential for advancing cardiovascular research and clinical practice. These fields contribute to identifying biomarkers, developing new therapies, and improving prevention strategies for heart diseases.