Industrial Microbiology
Industrial microbiology is primarily associated with the commercial exploitation of microorganisms and involves processes and products that are of major economic, environmental and gregarious consequential throughout the world.

• Industrial Processes and products
• Bioprocess Engineering and Organisms Biology
• Micro factories-Microbial Production of Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals
• Bio surfactants: Purification, Mass Production, Applications
• biotechnologically relevant Enzymes and Proteins
• Fermentation and Biotransformation
• Bioremediation, Biodegradation, Bio fouling and Bio corrosion

Diagnostic Microbiology
The diagnosis of a microbial infection begins with an assessment of clinical and epidemiologic features, leading to the formulation of a diagnostic hypothesis. Anatomic localization of the infection with the aid of physical and radiologic findings is usually included. This clinical diagnosis suggests a number of possible etiologic agents based on knowledge of infectious syndromes and their courses. The general approaches to laboratory diagnosis vary with different microorganisms and infectious diseases. Pharmaceutical Biotechnology is an increasingly important area of science and technology, and contributes to design and delivery of new therapeutic drugs, the development of diagnostic agents for medical tests, and the beginnings of gene therapy for correcting the medical symptoms of hereditary diseases.

Agricultural & Soil Microbiology
Bacteria are a more dominant group of microorganisms in the soil and equal to one half of the microbial biomass in soil. Fungi are more numerous in surface layers well-aerated and cultivated soils dominant in acid soils. Actinomycetes are intermediate group between bacteria and fungi which are widely disturbed in the oil. Algae are present in most of the soils where moisture and sunlight are available. They play a vital role in the maintenance of soil fertility, especially in tropical soils. Most of the protozoa drive their nutrition by feeding or ingesting soil bacteria belonging to the genera. Species of the bacterial genera are commonly used as the food base for isolation and enumeration of soil protozoans.

Microbial Production of Organic Acids
Organic acids are chemical compounds widely distributed in nature as normal constituents of plants or animal tissues. Organic acids represent a rising chemical segment in which several bio‐based compounds such as fumaric, propionic, and itaconic acids are synthesized. Organic acids constitute a key group among the building‐block chemicals that can be produced by microbial processes. Organic acids have been used for many years in the food, chemical, agriculture, and pharmaceutical industries. The chemical industries use organic acids as basic compounds for a wide variety of polymer and solvent production processes. Organic acids differ on the basis of the involvement of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen elements. Major types of organic acid produced by microbial activity are citric acid, succinic acid, lactic acid, itaconic acid, lactobionic acid, gluconic acid, fumaric acid, propionic acid, and acetic acid.

Microbial Physiology and Pathogenesis
Bacteria define the planet Earth upon which we can live. They essentially occupy all available environmental niches, no matter how inhospitable and extreme these may seem to us. Bacteria are therefore masters of diversification, adaptation and resilience. For the most part their success allows our survival. As a consequence of this success however, a mere fraction of this bacterial population can inflict a significant degree of human morbidity and mortality. It is therefore essential to understand the molecular basis of this diverse bacterial physiology as it will teach us a great deal about fundamental biological processes that are the key to life. Although much on this subject is known already, such is the shear extent of bacterial diversity that our knowledge base has barely begun to scratch the surface.

• Protein Secretion and Surface Localization
• Replication/Repair/Recombination
• Phage Biology and Genomics
• New Genetic and Genomic Tools
• Metabolic Networks and Microbial Physiology
• Host Pathogen Interactions

Dynamics and Consequences of Antimicrobial Resistance
Antimicrobial resistance occurs when microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites change in ways that render the medications used to cure the infections they cause ineffective. When the microorganisms become resistant to most antimicrobials they are often referred to as “superbugs”. This is a major concern because a resistant infection may kill, can spread to others, and imposes huge costs to individuals and society.

• Antimicrobial Resistance
• Consequences of Antimicrobial Resistance
• Dynamics of Antimicrobial Resistance

Disease Diagnosis and Prevention
Identification of a condition, disease, disorder, or problem by systematic analysis of the background or history, examination of the signs or symptoms, evaluation of the research or test results, and investigation of the assumed or probable causes. Effective prognosis is not possible without effective diagnosis. Disease prevention is a procedure through which individuals, particularly those with risk factors for a disease, are treated in order to prevent a disease from occurring. Treatment normally begins either before signs and symptoms of the disease occur, or shortly thereafter. Treatment can include patient education, lifestyle modification, and drugs. Most people know that good hygiene, sanitation and immunizations can prevent infections. They also know if they don’t smoke, eat healthily and exercise regularly they can reduce their chances of developing diabetes or experiencing a heart attack or a stroke and that if they wear a seatbelt, don’t drink and drive or speed, they are far less likely to be injured or killed on our roads.

Medical Microbiology
Medical microbiology, the large subset of microbiology that is applied to medicine, is a branch of medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. In addition, this field of science studies various clinical applications of microbes for the improvement of health. There are four kinds of microorganisms that cause infectious disease: bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses, and one type of infectious protein called prion.

Microbial Fermentation and Brewing
Fermentation is the enzymatic decomposition and utililization of foodstuffs, particularly carbohydrates, by microbes. Fermentation takes place throughout the gastrointestinal tract of all animals, but the intensity of fermentation depends on microbe numbers, which are generally highest in the large bowel. Thus, the large intestine is quantitatively the most important site of fermention, except for species with forestomachs (ruminants). Further, there are major differences in the contribution of fermentation to energy production of different species. In carnivores like dogs and cats, and even in omnivores like humans, fermentation generates rather few calories, but in herbivores, fermentation is a way of life.

Molecular Epidemiology of Neoplastic and Non-Neoplastic Disease
Severe infections represent the main cause of brand-new mortality accounting for more than one million neonatal deaths. Antibiotics are the common medication in neonatal intensive care unit. While there is a growing choice of agents against multi-resistant gram-positive bacteria, new options for multi-resistant gram-negative bacteria in the clinical practice have decreased significantly in the last 20 years making the treatment of infections caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens challenging mostly in neonates.

Veterinary Microbiology
Diseases are a serious threat to human health, since the emergence of human diseases is dominated by zoonotic pathogens. Veterinary vaccines are to improve the health and welfare of companion animals, increase production of livestock in a cost-effective manner, and prevent animal-to-human transmission from both domestic animals and wildlife. Several vaccine types can de distinguished among the second-generation veterinary vaccines, depending whether they are live or inactivated, according to the strain of rabies virus used and the characteristics of the cell substrate chosen for viral replication.

• General Veterinary Microbiology
• Veterinary Immunology & Serology
• Systematic Veterinary Bacteriology & Mycology
• Systematic Veterinary Virology
• Diagnostics of Infectious Diseases
• Vaccines and vaccination

Pharmaceutical Microbiology
Pharmaceutical Microbiology is an applied branch of Microbiology. It involves the study of Microorganisms associated with the manufacture of pharmaceuticals. Other aspects of Pharmaceutical Microbiology include the research and development of anti-infective agents, the use of microorganisms to detect mutagenic and carcinogenic activity in prospective drugs, and the use of microorganisms in the manufacture of pharmaceutical products like insulin and human growth hormone.

• Microbial Ecology and Next Gen Sequencing
• Drug discovery, Development and Molecular biology
• Applications of Microorganisms in the Pharmaceutical Sciences

Aquatic and Marine Microbiology
We are in the era of speed and precision. Like many other disciplines in environmental biology, aquatic microbiology tends to move forward with new rapid and cutting edge tools to study water-related microorganisms from river banks to the abyss of the oceans. These innovations help to resolve the issues with determining the risks associated with climate change, human activities as well as the interactions between species to redefine what a healthy water environment is for all living organisms sharing these environments.

• Aquatic Microorganisms
• Techniques for the Study of Aquatic Microorganisms
• Distribution of Microorganisms in the Aquatic Environment
• The Role and Importance of Aquatic Microbial Ecosystems

Forensic Microbiology
Microbial forensics has been defined as “a scientific discipline dedicated to analyzing evidence from a bioterrorism act, bio crime, or inadvertent microorganism/toxin release for attribution purposes”. This emerging discipline is still in the early stages of development and faces substantial scientific challenges to provide a robust suite of technologies for identifying the source of a biological threat agent and attributing a biothreat act to a particular person or group.

Food Microbiology
Food safety and time span of usability are both essential microbial worries in connection to boil meat production. The Food Industry of a meat requires control of food contaminants and action to accomplish most extreme time span of usability steady with wellbeing of the item. Simplest method and most direct technique for deciding the presence of pathogenic microscopic organisms in meat, generation parcels can be examined by few established or fast microbiological tests. In that temperature is an essential analyse the microbial development meat items, and thus the most controlled and observed parameter for food safety in the meat industry. Over the most recent couple of decades, demonstrating of heat and mass move in items has increased unique consideration in the food Industry

• Dairy Products
• Functional Foods
• Natural Antimicrobials

Infectious Diseases
Infectious diseases are disorders caused by organisms — such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. Many organisms live in and on our bodies. They're normally harmless or even helpful, but under certain conditions, some organisms may cause disease. Some infectious diseases can be passed from person to person. Some are transmitted by bites from insects or animals and others are acquired by ingesting contaminated food or water or being exposed to organisms in the environment.

• Viral Infections
• Fungal Diseases
• Parasitic Diseases
• Bacteria Diseases

Data Analysis in Microbiology
Infectious diseases are disorders caused by organisms — such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. Many organisms live in and on our bodies. They're normally harmless or even helpful, but under certain conditions, some organisms may cause disease. Some infectious diseases can be passed from person to person. Some are transmitted by bites from insects or animals and others are acquired by ingesting contaminated food or water or being exposed to organisms in the environment.

Biofuels & Petroleum Microbiology
Hydrocarbonoclastic microorganisms are petroleum microbiology which degrades hydrocarbons and include a wide distribution of bacteria, methanogen Achaea, and some fungi. Current applied research on petroleum microbiology encompasses oil spill remediation, fermenter- and wetland-based hydrocarbon treatment, oil, and fuel upgrading through desulfurization, and microbial community- based site assessment. Bacteria with selected petroleum-metabolizing enzymes amenable to being linked to electronic interfaces are being engineered and developed as biosensors.

Prebiotics and Probiotics
Probiotics are live microorganisms and yeasts that are good for you, especially your digestive system. We usually think of these as germs that cause diseases. Prebiotics are classified as the non-digestible food ingredients but probiotics can feed off. They are used in the gut to growth populations of healthy bacteria. Prebiotics and probiotics both support the body structure and preserving a healthy colony of bacteria which supports the gut and aids digestion.

Bacteriology
Bacteria are single cell microorganisms which lack nuclear membrane. These are metabolically active in nature and cause of diseases to living organisms. Study of these bacteria is called as bacteriology. It is also deals with the studies of morphology, genetics and biochemistry of bacteria. Preliminary advantage of bacteriology is helpful in the identification and characterization of bacteria which is associated with the infectious diseases. Major advantages of this bacteriology are useful in the development of the vaccines and antibiotics.

Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance
Antibiotics are the most important medicines for treating bacterial infections in both humans and animals. Unfortunately many of the bacteria which cause these infections are becoming resistant to surviving antibiotics. The more we use antibiotics, the more resistant bacteria become.

Mycology and Fungal Infections
Mycology is the branch of biology, which are mainly used to the study of fungi including the genetic and biochemical properties, along with the taxonomy used to human source for food and medicines. A person specialize in mycology is called as mycologist. Apart from pathogenic fungi, many fungal species plays a vital role in controlling the plant diseases caused by different pathogens. Now a day mycology became a important science in agricultural industry. Fungi produce negative effect for many crops, but these will helps the plant to get nutrients and water from the soil. Some kinds of fungi are used as pesticides which can kill harmful insects. The field of mycology is develops continuously and became an interested field for researchers.

Epigenetics
Epigenetics – It's not just genes that make us. Quick look: In its modern sense, epigenetics is the term used to describe inheritance by mechanisms other than through the DNA sequence of genes. ... It works through chemical tags added to chromosomes that in effect switch genes on or off DNA modifications that do not change the DNA sequence can affect gene activity. Chemical compounds that are added to single genes can regulate their activity; these modifications are known as epigenetic changes. The epigenome comprises all of the chemical compounds that have been added to the entirety of one’s DNA (genome) as a way to regulate the activity (expression) of all the genes within the genome. The chemical compounds of the epigenome are not part of the DNA sequence, but are on or attached to DNA Epigenetic modifications remain as cells divide and in some cases can be inherited through the generations. Environmental influences, such as a person’s diet and exposure to pollutants, can also impact the epigenome

Infection and immune system
The immune system of human beings is classified into two categories, innate immunity and adaptive immunity. There are major differences between the two divisions, but they share some cell functions and components. All living organisms are subjected to get attacked from disease-causing agents or pathogens. This process of protection gets more sophisticated as organisms become more complex. Multicellular animals have devoted cells or tissues to deal with infection. Other rejoinders are slower but are more adapted to the infecting agent. Jointly, these protections are known as the immune system. The main portions of the immune system are: the natural barriers, nonspecific cells, and nonspecific molecules. In addition, response of immune system towards invasion of microorganism depends on many factors, such as nutrition, general health, age, and genetic makeup of any human host.