Systems and Synthetic Biology
Systems and Synthetic Biology is a relatively new field in biomedical research. It focuses on engineering new or modified signaling proteins to create desired signaling pathways in the cell. Every living cell is an extremely complex machine expressing thousands of different proteins. Due to superb regulation, many cells, such as photoreceptors and other neurons in vertebrates, can live for decades. Cells can also self-reproduce by division, where both daughter cells are perfectly viable. Natural selection (the “blind watchmaker”, to use Dawkins’ expression) spent hundreds of millions of year to achieve this perfection. Due to elucidation of the intricacies of cellular regulatory mechanisms we can now play evolution on our time scale: re-design proteins and signaling pathways to achieve our ends.

Synthetic Genomics
Synthetic genomics is an early field of engineered science that uses parts of hereditary alteration on prior life frames with the plan of delivering some item or wanted conduct with respect to the living thing so made.Synthetic genomics joins strategies for the fake amalgamation of DNA with computational methods to plan it. These strategies permit researchers and specialists to build hereditary material that would be inconceivable or illogical to deliver utilizing more routine biotechnological approaches. For instance, utilizing manufacturedgenomics it is conceivable to outline and amass chromosomes, qualities and quality pathways, and even entire genomes.

• Synthetic gene pathways
• Synthetic genomics algae
• BioBrick

Gene synthesis
Gene synthesis is a strategy in synthetic biology that is utilized to make create artificial genes in the research center. Currently based on solid-phase DNA synthesis, it contrasts from molecular cloning and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in that the client does not need in the first place prior DNA sequences. Accordingly, it is conceivable to make a totally synthetic double-stranded DNA molecule with no obvious cutoff points on either nucleotide sequence or size. The technique has been utilized to create utilitarian bacterial or yeast chromosomes containing around one million base sets. Late research likewise proposes the likelihood of making novel nucleobase pairs notwithstanding the two base pairs in nature, which could incredibly extend the likelihood of growing the genetic code. Gene editing or genome editing with built nucleases (GEEN) is a sort of genetic engineering in which DNA is inserted, deleted or replaced in the genome of an organism utilizing engineered nucleases, or "molecular scissors." These nucleases create site-specific double-strand breaks (DSBs) at craved areas in the genome. The induced double strand breaks are repaired through nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) or homologous recombination (HR), bringing about targeted mutations. There are at present four groups of engineered nucleases being utilized: Meganucleases, Zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), Transcription Activator-Like Effector-based Nucleases (TALENs), and the CRISPR-Cas System.

• Custom gene synthesis
• Recombinant genes
• Codon optimization

Synthetic Gene Networks
Plan and development of Synthetic gene network from secluded segments is a noteworthy objective of engineered science. Nonetheless, the development of quality systems with unsurprising capacities remains hampered by an absence of suitable segments and the way that amassed arranges regularly require broad, iterative retrofitting to function as proposed. Propels in the improvement of atomic devices for the inducible control of interpretation, interpretation, and protein debasement are the premise for the quickly developing configuration and development of engineered quality systems in mammalian cells. Nonetheless, progresses in manufactured science have been constrained by an absence of interoperable parts, strategies for powerfully testing organic frameworks and systems for the solid development and operation of mind boggling, higher-request systems. As these difficulties are tended to, manufactured scholars will have the capacity to develop helpful cutting edge engineered quality systems with certifiable applications in prescription, biotechnology, bioremediation and bioenergy. Artificial gene synthesis amalgamation is a strategy in Synthetic Biology that is utilized to make artificial genes in the research facilities.

• Design and construction of synthetic gene networks
• Genetic network analysis
• Genetic network modeling

CRISPR-Cas9 Genome Editing
CRISPR-Cas9 is a unique technology that enables geneticists and medical researchers to edit parts of the genome by removing, adding or altering sections of the DNA Sequence.It is currently the simplest, most versatile and precise method of genetic manipulation and is therefore causing a buzz in the science world.The CRISPR-Cas9 system consists of two key molecules that introduce a change (mutation) into the DNA. These are an enzyme Called Cas9. This acts as a pair of ‘molecular scissors’ that can cut the two strands of DNA and a piece of RNA Called guide RNA (gRNA) which binds to DNA. The Cas9 follows the guide RNA to the same location in the DNA sequence and makes a cut across both strands of the DNA. At this stage the cell recognises that the DNA is damaged and tries to repair it.

• CRISPR-Cas9 Technology Information
• Designer TALEN Technology Information
• High-throughput functional genomics using CRISPRCas9

Synthetic Engineering
Biotechnology advances is the utilization of systems and organisms to create or make product, or any innovative application that uses biological, living organism’s forms or derivatives thereof, to make or alter products or procedures for particular use. Depending on the instruments and applications, it regularly covers with the (related) fields of bioengineering, biomedical building, biomanufacturing, and so forth.

• BioMedical Device Engineering
• Rehabilitation Engineering and Surgical Devices
• Diagnostic Techniques in Dermatology

Synthetic Chemistry
Stem cells will be cells begin in all multi-cell organisms. They were detached in mice in 1981 and in people in 1998. In people there are a few sorts of stem cells, each with variable levels of strength. Stem cell treatments are a sort of therapy that brings new cells into grown-up bodies for conceivable treatment of cancer, diabetes, neurological disorders and other medical conditions. Stem cells have been utilized to repair tissue damaged by infection or age. In a creating embryo, stem cells can separate into all the specific cells ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm, additionally keep up the ordinary turnover of regenerative organs, for example, blood, skin, or intestinal tissue

• Synthetic organic chemistry
• Green chemistry
• Industrial production of Mobilized and Immobilized enzymes

Plant Synthetic Biology
Protein engineering is the procedure of creating helpful or profitable proteins. It is a youthful control, with much research occurring into the comprehension of protein folding and acknowledgment for protein design principles. There are two general systems for protein engineering, rational protein design and directed evolution. These systems are not fundamentally unrelated; specialists will frequently apply both. Later on, more itemized learning of protein structure and capacity, and also headways in high-throughput innovation, might incredibly grow the abilities of protein engineering. In the long run, even unnatural amino acids might be incorporated, because of another strategy that permits the consideration of novel amino acids in the genetic code.

• Seed synthetic biology
• Plant gene modification
• Application of engineered proteins

Synthetic Technology
Molecular Evolution combines basic ideas fundamental to the field with discussions of cutting-edge methodologies, and is therefore relevant to researchers with a range of different experience levels. Topics covered include uses and interpretations of molecular phylogenies, sequence alignments and genomics resources, Markov models of sequence evolution, phylogeny reconstruction, hypothesis testing in molecular phylogenetics and evolution, coalescent models and inference from population data.

• Biomedical Robotics
• NanoBio Technology
• Biosensors and Bioelectronics

Synthetic Biology Business
Synthetic biology tries to apply the standards of engineering to the act of biology and make conceivable the advancement of biological systems, including whole organassims, that have never been found in nature and fill correctly indicated human needs. The principle lines of examination in manufactured science depend on genetic engineering strategies that were initially created in the 1970s, however synthetic biology would like to bring these systems numerous progressions forward. To make genetic engineering truly experience its name, synthetic biology goes for the improvement of genetic sequencing that can serve as institutionalized modules and be utilized in institutionalized stage creatures to bring about those life forms to show unsurprising practices. More compelling medicines, intelligent tumor-seeking bacteria, and modest biofuels are only a couple of the sought after applications while new weapons of terror are one of the apprehensions.

• Synthetic biology businesses
• Synthetic biology companies
• Synthetic biology start-ups

Mammalian Synthetic Biology
Industrial biotechnology is a standout amongst the most encouraging new ways to deal with contamination counteractive action, asset protection, and cost lessening. It is frequently alluded to as the third wave in biotechnology. On the off chance that created to its maximum capacity, modern biotechnology might largely affect the world than human services and agriculture biotechnology. It offers organizations an approach to diminish costs and make new markets while securing the earth. Additionally, since a hefty portion of its items don't require the long audit times that medication items must experience, it's a speedier, less demanding pathway to the business sector. The utilization of biotechnology to modern procedures is changing how we make items as well as giving us new items that couldn't be envisioned a couple of years back. Since modern biotechnology is so new, its advantages are still not surely understood or comprehended by industry, policymakers, or customers.

• Medical applications
• Therapeutic Cells
• Industrial Production of Green Chemicals

Integrative Biology
As name "Integrative Biology" reflects conviction that the investigation of biological systems is best drawn nearer by fusing numerous points of view. We unite assorted qualities of controls that supplement each other to disentangle the complexity of biology. The idea incorporates anatomy, physiology, cell and stem cell biology, molecular biology, developmental biology, biochemistry and biophysics. We work with animals, plants and microorganisms and our exploration traverses the levels of the organic chain of command from molecules to ecosystems. Our expansive scope of mastery incorporates: geneticists, paleontologists, physiologists, behaviorists, systematists, morphologists, microbiologists, bioinformatician, evolutionary biologists, ecologists, biophysicists and biotechnologists.

• Unnatural nucleotides and Amino Acids
• BioBrick
• Regenomics

Protein Engineering
Protein engineering is the procedure of creating helpful or profitable proteins. It is a youthful control, with much research occurring into the comprehension of protein folding and acknowledgment for protein design principles. There are two general systems for protein engineering, rational protein design and directed evolution. These systems are not fundamentally unrelated; specialists will frequently apply both. Later on, more itemized learning of protein structure and capacity, and also headways in high-throughput innovation, might incredibly grow the abilities of protein engineering. In the long run, even unnatural amino acids might be incorporated, because of another strategy that permits the consideration of novel amino acids in the genetic code.

• Proteomics and proteome
• Protein synthesis and folding
• Computational protein design

Next Generation Sequencings
Next-generation sequencing alludes to non-Sanger-based high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies. Millions or billions of DNA strands can be sequenced in parallel, yielding considerably more throughput and minimizing the requirement for the fragment cloning techniques that are frequently utilized as a part of Sanger sequencing of genomes. DNA sequencing industry is sectioned into instruments and consumables, administrations, and workflow products.

• Mathematical modeling of cellular systems
• Modeling and optimization
• Identification, expansion and testing of the BAC clone

Bio-Sensors and Bio-Electronics
A biosensor is an analytical device, used for the detection of an analyte,that combines a biological component with a physicochemical detector. Electrochemical biosensors are normally based on enzymatic catalysis of a reaction that produces or consumes electrons (such enzymes are rightly called redox enzymes). The sensor substrate usually contains three electrodes; a reference electrode, a working electrode and a counter electrode. Amperometric biosensors function by the production of a current when a potential is applied between two electrodes. They generally have response times, dynamic ranges and sensitivities similar to the potentiometric biosensors. The potentiometric biosensor, (potential produced at zero current) gives a logarithmic response with a high dynamic range. Such biosensors are often made by screen printing the electrode patterns on a plastic substrate, coated with a conducting polymer and then some protein (enzyme or antibody) is attached. They have only two electrodes and are extremely sensitive and robust. A microbial biosensor is an analytical device which integrates microorganism(s) with a physical transducer to generate a measurable signal proportional to the concentration of analytes.

• Electrochemical Biosensors
• Amperometric Biosensors
• Potentiometric Biosensors

Applications of Synthetic Biology
Biomedical Device Engineering includes instrumentation for diagnosing, preventing or treating diseases. The study and design of engineering methods without any chemical action in the body can be achieved through the Medical imaging devices. Photo detectors and Biomedical Chromatography are recently obtaining their importance in the science field through its advancements.

• Biomaterials or Synthetic Materials
• Synthetic Circuits
• Synthetic Lethality Cancer

Synthetic biology drugs
Synthetic biology uses the organisms to manufacture the targeted drugs by recombining artificial biosynthetic pathways in the host. Some of the drugs produced by this application are vancomycine, cyclosporine. Synthetic biology is the engineering of biology: the synthesis of complex, biologically based (or inspired) systems which display functions that do not exist in nature. Synthetic biologists use polypeptides for the manufacturing of desired drugs assembling all together into a single complex. This engineering perspective may be applied at all levels of the hierarchy of biological structures – from individual molecules to whole cells, tissues and organisms.

• Drug Therapy
• Drug Metabolism
• Cytogenetics

Cancer systems biology
Cancer systems biology encompasses the application of systems biology approaches to cancer research, in order to study the disease as a complex adaptive system with emerging properties at multiple biological scales.Cancer systems biology therefore adopts a holistic view of cancer aimed at integrating its many biological scales, including genetics, signaling networks, epigenetics, cellular behavior, histology, (pre)clinical manifestations and epidemiology. The systems biology approach relies heavily on the successes of decades of reductionism, which has clarified the component parts and mechanistic principles of living organisms, as well as their key alterations in cancer, especially at the genetic/genomic scale, to deep detail.

• Epigenetic
• Chromosome Biology
• Integrative Cancer Biology and Genomics

Biology Engineering
Bioengineering is the manipulation of the biological compounds varying their physical and chemical forms using engineering principles and techniques. Engineering is done at cellular and subcellular level i.e. molecular level. Bioengineering is the “biological or medical application of engineering principles or engineering equipment. Recently, the practice of bioengineering has expanded beyond large-scale efforts like prosthetics and hospital equipment to include engineering at the molecular and cellular level with applications in energy and the environment as well as healthcare. They have wide range of biological and environmental application like biosensors, food safety, diagnosis, cell free protein production, biofuels etc.

• Cell Culture
• Advance Methods in Molecular Biology
• Stem cell engineering