Pharmacology is the scientific discipline that studies the mechanisms by which drugs alter biological systems in an attempt to improve health and alleviate disease, whereas toxicology is the study of mechanisms by which drugs and chemicals in the environment produce unwanted effects. Together these disciplines encompass the molecular basis of drug action, the actions of drugs on cells, organs, and organisms, the genetic variations in drug action, and drug discovery.

Pharmacology is the study of the actions of drugs, incorporating knowledge from other sciences. Drugs are classified based on their action or effect on the body or by their chemical characteristics. Nurses must be familiar with both generic and trade names of drugs.

Digital Health Innovation:

The use and scale up of digital health solutions can revolutionize how people worldwide achieve higher standards of health, and access services to promote and protect their health and well-being. Population – Improve the health and well-being of people, with the interventions of digital health.

Digital health Informatics:

The field involves the application of information communication technologies (ICT) to complex health challenges to improve the efficacy and efficiency of care. The World Health Organization lists digital health as a key area of strategic importance.

Pharmaceutical R&D refers to the pharmaceutical research and development of new medicines. The process begins with understanding the disease and selecting a target (usually a receptor site on a cell) that can potentially be affected by a drug molecule (Institute of Medicine 2007; PhRMA 2009). Most commonly, researchers use high-speed screening of huge libraries of molecules to identify a few hundred leading compounds, though sometimes they create a molecule or genetically engineer one (PhRMA 2009). In the lab, the leading candidates are tested to see if they absorb, metabolize, and excrete properly, without being too toxic, and to see if they are distributed to the proper site of action. Adjustments are made to improve performance, and candidates are tested both in the lab and in animals before clinical trials begin with humans.

Nuclear Pharmacy:
Nuclear pharmacy, also known as radiopharmacy, involves preparation of radioactive materials for patient administration that will be used to diagnose and treat specific diseases in nuclear medicine. It generally involves the practice of combining a radionuclide tracer with a pharmaceutical component that determines the biological localization in the patient.

Specialty Pharmacy Practice:
Specialty pharmacy practice encompasses the provision of specialty pharmaceuticals, which typically require unique fulfillment and patient care support services. Unique fulfillment elements may include:  Coordination of care and facilitating drug access. to limited distribution specialty pharmaceuticals.

Oncology pharmacists are actively engaged in all aspects of cancer care—from chemotherapy dose preparation and safety checks, to educating patients about side effects, to drug development research. In addition, if a patient or caregiver has any questions about a cancer medication, the oncology pharmacist is a helpful resource.

The pharmacist can compile and maintain information on all medicines, and particularly on newly introduced medicines, provide this information as necessary to other health care professionals and to patients, and use it in promoting the rational use of drugs, by providing advice and explanations to physicians and to members of the public.

Toxicovigilance is an active way of identifying and assessing the harmful hazards that exist in a community, as well as the steps taken to reduce or eliminate such risks. Despite the fact that the technical term 'toxicovigilance' does not appear in Ayurvedic scriptures, it is emphasized in Agada Tantra. The use of Ayurvedic medicines, risk assessment, prevention, and management could be the initial step in this direction.