Clinical research & trials is a branch of healthcare science that deals with the drug safety and effectiveness of drugs. The new drug formulation mainly includes pre-clinical research on microorganisms & animals this procedure undergoes by the approval of regulatory affairs (USFDA).Clinical research is witnessing some major innovations in clinical test procedures which will include concept of patient-centric clinical trials, automation of clinical test supplies, use of innovative encryption methods like Block chain to make sure data security, exploration of more digital technologies among others. Patient participation in drug development process also an important and innovative approach in drug discovery and, ultimately, clinical test studies

In medicine, a case report is a detailed report of the symptoms, signs, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports may contain a demographic profile of the patient, but usually describe an unusual or novel occurrence. Some case reports also contain a literature review of other reported cases. Case reports are professional narratives that provide feedback on clinical practice guidelines and offer a framework for early signals of effectiveness, adverse events, and cost. They can be shared for medical, scientific, or educational purposes.

A vaccine is an inactivated form of bacteria or virus that is injected into the body to simulate an actual infection. Because the injected microorganisms are 'dead,' they don't cause a person to become sick. Instead, vaccines stimulate an immune response by the body that will fight off that type of illness. It covers infectious disease targets and non-infectious disease targets. To generate vaccine-mediated protection is a complex challenge. Currently available vaccines have largely been developed empirically, with little or no understanding on how they activate the immune system. Their early protective efficacy is primarily conferred by the induction of antigen-specific antibodies. However, there is more to antibody-mediated protection than the peak of vaccine-induced antibody titers.

 

Drug design, also known as rational drug design, is the inventive process of finding new medications based on the knowledge of a biological target. . In olden days, the active pharmaceutical ingredient was identified from traditional remedies or unplanned fortunate discoveries such as Penicillin. . Drug development involves a series of steps in bringing out the newly identified drug into the market after it has been identified through a process of drug discovery.

 

COVID‑19 vaccine is a vaccine intended to provide acquired immunity against COVID‑19. Prior to the COVID‑19 pandemic, work to develop a against  the coronavirus diseases SARS and MERS had established knowledge about the structure and function of coronaviruses, which accelerated development during early 2020 of varied technology platforms for a COVID‑19 vaccine.

COVID-19 Diagnosis  involves analyzing samples to assess the current or past presence of SARS-CoV-2. The two main branches detect either the presence of the virus or of antibodies produced in response to infection. Tests for viral presence are used to diagnose individual cases and to allow public health authorities to trace and contain outbreaks. Antibody tests instead show whether someone once had the disease. They are less useful for diagnosing current infections because antibodies may not develop for weeks after infection. It is used to assess disease prevalence, which aids the estimation of the infection fatality rate

Vaccination is progressively significant in our life for keeping us healthy. Recent years have seen the two victories and disappointments of novel antibody structure and the quality of iterative methodologies is progressively appreciated. Vaccine improvement stays testing on account of the profoundly modern avoidance instruments of pathogens for which antibodies are not yet available. These consolidate the revelation of novel antigens, adjuvants, and vectors in the preclinical stage with computational investigations of clinical information to quicken antibody plan. Every epic immunization competitor should be assessed for security, immunogenicity, and defensive adequacy in people before it is authorized.

Pharmacovigilance has grown significantly in recent years and its importance in the healthcare system has been recognized worldwide. ... To prevent or lower the patient hazards, improvements in public health and precise evaluation and monitoring of drug safety are crucial. Endeavors to line up the secure profile of medicines start right off the bat in their improvement, within vitro, and in vivo harmfulness testing, and proceed through clinical preliminaries paving the way to sedate endorsement and following endorsement in explicit post-promoting studies or general pharmacovigilance endeavors

Immunization improvement stays testing as a result of the exceptionally modern avoidance systems of pathogens for which antibodies are not yet accessible. Late years have seen the two victories and disappointments of novel antibody plan and the quality of iterative methodologies is progressively valued. These consolidate the revelation of novel antigens, adjuvants, and vectors in the preclinical stage with computational investigations of clinical information to quicken antibody plan. Switch and basic vaccinology have uncovered novel antigen up-and-comers and sub-atomic immunology has prompted the definition of promising adjuvants. Quality articulation profiles and safe parameters in patients, immunizations, and sound controls have framed the reason for bio-marks that will give rules to future antibody structure.

 

Oncology is a part of medical science which deals with tumours and leukaemia. Cancer which is an abnormal cell growth and possibility to spread or invade other parts of the body as well. Mainly oncologist deals with the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Not all tumours are cancerous and spread to other body parts. Cancers also called as a malignant neoplasm or malignant tumour. There are nearly 200 differing types of cancer, which were identified. Each requires their respective approaches for treatment. Modalities of development, touch, nourishment, and care are utilized inside routine disease care to deal with and enhance indications and private satisfaction. That is the rationale numerous experts, including medicinal specialists, have grasped the quickly extending field of integrative oncology, which melds the simplest of customary and option medications.

Clinical Trials for various ailments and clutters are directed for assessing a minimum of one mediations for instance, drugs, medicinal gadgets, ways to affect surgery or radiation treatment for treating an infection, disorder, or condition and furthermore discovering approaches to stay the underlying improvement or repeat of a condition.. a couple of cases of the infections/ issue that clinical preliminaries coordinating are Cardiovascular, Digestive structure, Respiratory system diseases and other parasitic, viral, bacterial and infectious afflictions. These primarily incorporate immunizations, medications and way of life changes among alternative ways. Infections and clutters for which clinical preliminaries leading are Cardiovascular, Digestive framework, Respiratory framework sicknesses and other parasitic, viral, bacterial and contagious maladies. Furthermore, Clinical Trials on practices, mental, rest and dietary problems also