The mineral is a manifestly happening chemical compound which is usually in crystalline and inorganic form. A mineral has one unique chemical composition but a rock can be a combination of different minerals. The study of minerals is referred to as mineralogy.

An ore is a special type of rock that contains a large amount of a particular mineral (usually a metal) to make it economically practical to extract that mineral from the surrounding rock. Ores can be mined in a number of ways, including strip mining. Ores are classified based on how they form like magmatic or volcanic ores, Carbonate alkaline ores, metamorphic ores, Sedimentary ore.

Nanomaterials are one of the main objects or structures that are designed and produced by Nanotechnologies at the size level of approximately 1-100 nanometers. Nanomaterial research is a field that takes a materials science-based approach on nanotechnology. Nanoparticles are objects with all three external dimensions at the nanoscale. Nanoparticles that are naturally occurring or are the incidental byproducts of combustion processes are usually physically and chemically heterogeneous and often termed ultrafine particles. Engineered nanoparticles are intentionally produced and designed with very specific properties related to shape, size, surface properties and chemistry. These properties are reflected in aerosols, colloids, or powders. Often, the behavior of nanomaterials may depend more on surface area than particle composition itself.

Molecular nanotechnology is a technology using molecular manufacturing, based on the ability to build structures to complex, atomic specification by means of mechanosynthesis. It would involve combining physical principles demonstrated by chemistry, nanotechnologies, and the molecular machinery of life with the systems engineering principles found in modern macroscale factories.