Probiotics are live bacteria and yeasts that are good for you, especially your digestive system. We usually think of these as germs that cause diseases. But your body is full of bacteria, both good and bad. Probiotics are often called "good" or "helpful" bacteria because they help keep your gut healthy.Prebiotics are classified as the non-digestible food ingredients that probiotics can feed off. They are used in the gut to increase populations of healthy bacteria, aid digestion and enhance the production of valuable vitamins.Prebiotics and probiotics both support the body in building and maintaining a healthy colony of bacteria and other microorganisms, which supports the gut and aids digestion.

In agricultural education and research, the study of agricultural microbiology has undergone tremendous changes in the past few decades, leading to today’s scientific farming that is a backbone of economy all over the globe. Microorganisms in Sustainable  Agriculture, Food, and the Environment fills the need for a comprehensive volume on recent advances and innovations in microbiology

Organic acids are chemical compounds widely distributed in nature as normal constituents of plants or animal tissues. Organic acids represent a rising chemical segment in which several bio‐based compounds such as fumaric, propionic, and itaconic acids are synthesized. Organic acids constitute a key group among the building‐block chemicals that can be produced by microbial processes. Organic acids have been used for many years in the food, chemical, agriculture, and pharmaceutical industries. The chemical industries use organic acids as basic compounds for a wide variety of polymer and solvent production processes. Organic acids differ on the basis of the involvement of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen elements. Major types of organic acid produced by microbial activity are citric acid, succinic acid, lactic acid, itaconic acid, lactobionic acid, gluconic acid, fumaric acid, propionic acid, and acetic acid.

A public health microbiologist contributes to the prevention of communicable diseases, such as tuberculosis, plague, diphtheria, rabies, foodborne illnesses and sexually transmitted diseases, by observing and researching the relationships between microorganisms, diseases and public health. The Public Health and Microbiology attentiveness includes studies in microbial pathogenesis, values of public health, epidemiology, molecular genetics, virology, and environmental and industrial microbial processes. Community Health Microbiology delivers professional scientific knowledge and laboratory examination for modifiable bacterial pathogens and bacterially/toxin-mediated outbreaks.

Fermentation is the enzymatic decomposition and utililization of foodstuffs, particularly carbohydrates, by microbes. Fermentation takes place throughout the gastrointestinal tract of all animals, but the intensity of fermentation depends on microbe numbers, which are generally highest in the large bowel. Thus, the large intestine is quantitatively the most important site of fermention, except for species with forestomachs (ruminants). Further, there are major differences in the contribution of fermentation to energy production of different species. In carnivores like dogs and cats, and even in omnivores like humans, fermentation generates rather few calories, but in herbivores, fermentation is a way of life.

Pharmaceutical Microbiology is an applied branch of Microbiology. It involves the study of Microorganisms associated with the manufacture of pharmaceuticals. Other aspects of Pharmaceutical Microbiology include the research and development of anti-infective agents, the use of microorganisms to detect mutagenic and carcinogenic activity in prospective drugs, and the use of microorganisms in the manufacture of pharmaceutical products like insulin and human growth hormone.