A cell having ability to develop into specialized cell types in body which replace the damaged or lost cells or tissues. Generally, natural stem cells are classified into Embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells and the type of stem cells are reprogrammed in the laboratory are Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell.

Stem cells: An undifferentiated cell of a multicellular organism which is capable of giving rise to indefinitely more cells of the same type, and from which certain other kinds of cell arise by differentiation. Stem cells have the ability to differentiate into specific cell types. The two defining characteristics of a stem cell are perpetual self-renewal and the ability to differentiate into a specialized adult cell type.

The procedure in which the cells are grown in an artificial environment separate from the body is called Tissue engineering. It is an improvisation of growing cells than methods of 2D Cell Culture. The cells growing in 3D artificial environment are more relevant and effective than the cells growing in the 2D surface.

Gene therapy is a way to treat the genetic disorders. The variation in gene therapy is focused on Somatic gene therapy and germ line gene therapy relating with viral and non-viral vectors. The nano therapy is a new trend in the field of medicine which uses nanoparticles to delivery drugs to the targeted body part.

Ageing is the complex process of deterioration of body functions through involvement of body cells and organs. Basically the ageing theory can be divided into two types – Hematopoietic stem cell ageing and hair follicle stem cell ageing. Besides these two theories, the other theories of ageing are evolutionary theory, cellular theory, system theory and molecular theory. With ageing the bone marrow cellularity decreases.

Genome altering, or genome building, or quality altering, is a sort of hereditary designing where DNA is embedded, erased, adjusted or supplanted in the genome of a living life form. Genome editing depends on the double strand DNA break which has two major pathway mechanisms – Non-Homologous end joining (NHEJ) and Homologous directed repair (HDR).  The genome editing technology heads with the processes like CRISPR, TALEN, ZNF and MAGE.