DNA sequencing is the process of determining the precise order of the nucleotides inDNA. Genome sequencing helps us to understand the genetic biology and has vast potential for medical diagnosis and treatment.DNA sequencing technologies have gone through at least three "generations": Sanger sequencing and Gilbert sequencing were first-generation, pyrosequencing was second-generation, and Illumina sequencing is next-generation.

Advanced methods of sequencing involve shotgun sequencing, denovo sequencing. De novo sequencing is used to determine the sequence of the desired DNA with no known sequence. Shortgun method is designed to analyse the sequences longer than 1000 bp where the largegenomein broken down into random fragments. Both the techniques are used to sequence entire chromosomes.

Animal engineering is to produce animals by the modification ofgenesto get our desired traits by using recombinantDNAtechnology. This is mainly to farm animals which grow faster, have healthier meat and flesh. Tissue engineering is to understand the principles of tissue growth and apply this to functional replacement of atissuefor clinical use. This will allow organs to be grown by implantation.

This is the science that deals with altering and cloning genes to produce a new trait in an organism or to make a biological substance, such as a protein or hormone. Genetic engineering mainly involves the creation of recombinant DNA, which is then inserted into the genetic material of a cell or virus of an animal.

Bioengineering Bioengineering is the manipulation of the biological compounds varying their physical and chemical forms using engineering principles and techniques. Engineering is done at cellular and subcellular level i.e. molecular level.Bioengineering is the “biological or medical application of engineering principles or engineering equipment. Bioengineering defined as a field is relatively new, although attempts to solve biological problems have persisted throughout history.

Recently, the practice of bioengineering has expanded beyond large-scale efforts like prosthetics and hospital equipment to include engineering at the molecular and cellular level – with applications in energy and the environment as well as healthcare.
They have wide range of biological and environmental application like biosensors, food safety, diagnosis, cell free protein production, biofuels etc.

Chemical biology is a stream which deals with the application of chemistry and physics in biology. Some of the synthetically manufactured compounds are engineered to manipulate biological molecules. Biomolecules such as lipids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and proteins are studied for their chemical and physical properties to know their state and function.

Modern biology overlaps with chemistry in explaining the structure and function of all cellular processes at the molecular level.

Genes are a stretch of nucleotides that codes for a single polypeptide sequence. Genes are isolated and amplified artificially by PCR with gene-specific primers if the sequence is known and sequenced. The desired sequence is synthesized artificially by solid-phase DNA synthesis. Artificial gene synthesis is a method in synthetic biology that is used to create artificial genes in the laboratory. it differs from molecular cloning and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in that the user does not have to begin with preexisting DNA sequences.

It is possible to make synthetic double-stranded DNA molecules with no size limits. Oligonucleotides are synthesized by phosphoramidite nucleosides artificially. The used nucleosides can be natural or artificial. In 2010 mycoplasma genome was successfully synthesized artificially.

Industrial biotechnologyutilizes enzymes andmicroorganismsto produced bio-based products in the industries such as chemical, detergents, paper and pulp. Is uses renewable materials for the production of new useful products. These innovative approaches lower the green house gas emissions.biotechnology is the application of biological organisms, systems, or processes by various industries to learning about the science of life and the improvement of the value of materials and organisms such as pharmaceuticals, crops, and livestock.

Whitebiotechnologyyields more and more viable solutions for our environment. It also helps to improve the industrial performance and product value.

P4 medicine is the clinical face of systemsmedicine. It will make blood a diagnostic window for viewing health and disease for the individual. It provides new approaches to discover the drug target. These medicines will necessitate a fundamental change in the business of every sector ofhealthcare industry over the next ten years. This will provide challenges to existing companies and opportunities to create new companies.

P4 medicine promises to sharply reverse the ever escalating costs of healthcare – introducing diagnosis to stratify patients and disease, less expensive approaches to drug discovery, preventive medicine and wellness, and exponentially cost‐decreasing measurement technologies. P4 medicine also promises to improve patient outcomes, and to empower both the patient and the physician.

Synthetic biology is engineering and manipulating biomolecular systems and cellular capabilities. This involves the construction of the biological systems from the minute functional unit to the functional cellular level. Synthetic biology is the engineering of biology: the synthesis of complex, biologically based (or inspired) systems which display functions that do not exist in nature. This engineering perspective may be applied at all levels of the hierarchy of biological structures – from individual molecules to whole cells, tissues and organisms. In essence, synthetic biology will enable the design of ‘biological systems’ in a rational and systematic way.

Synthetic biology is of two types which one using unnatural molecules to reproduce natural behavior and the other interchanges the parts from one system to another to ultimately assembled resulting in a unnatural function.

Synthetic biology uses the organisms to manufacture the targeted drugs by recombining artificial biosynthetic pathways in the host. Some of the drugs produced by this application are vancomycin, cyclosporine. Synthetic biology is the engineering of biology: the synthesis of complex, biologically based (or inspired) systems that display functions that do not exist in nature.

This engineering perspective may be applied at all levels of the hierarchy of biological structures – from individual molecules to whole cells, tissues, and organisms. In essence, synthetic biology will enable the design of ‘biological systems’ in a rational and systematic way.
Synthetic biologists use polypeptides for the manufacturing of desired drugs assembling all together into a single complex.

Synthetic medicineis the use of engineered biomolecular system having endless applications. The synthetic biology has surprised the scientific community with is progress over a decade.Synthetic biology is a maturing scientific discipline that combines science and engineering in order to design and build novel biological functions and systems. This includes the design and construction of new biological parts, devices, and systems, as well as the re-design of existing, natural biological systems for useful purposes.

Some of the applications include cancer treatment, vaccine development, microbiomeengineering, cell therapy and regenerativemedicine. It also uses artificial engineered viruses to treat bacterial infections.